THEODORE  ROOSEVELT'S  COi»TRIBUTI  Oli 

TO  THE   THEORY  AKD  PRACTICE 

OP  CIVIC     EDUCATION. 


c    •  ^  o  X 

•     OS" 


3y 

Vary  Elizabeth  Creath 
(   A.   B.   Iowa  Wesleyan,    1917) 

Thesis 

Submitted   in  partial   satisfaction  of  the 
requirements  for  the  degree  of 

Master  of  Arts 
in 
Education 

In  the    viraduate  Division 
of  the 

University  of   California. 

i.ovember  23,    1921 . 


\ 


TALLS  OP  C0tfTB*!T3. 

PART   I. 

Concept  it 
Citizenship. 


LB 
b 

noosevelt's  Conception  of  American        £<Juc.L)g 


Page. 
Introduction    ' i 

CHAPTER        l  • 
Requieitea  for  Citizenship. 

Brotherhood    1 

Object  of   government    3 

freedom  and   liberty   4 

Zqual    ooportuni ty    8 

Value  of   the   individual    9 

Value  of  charac ter    11 

Roosevelt's   idea   of  development  of   character    .....  11 

Value  of  Christian  ideals    12 

CHAPTER     II . 

. ecessary  Attitudes  for  Citizenship. 

His   faith   in  democracy    13 

Roosevelt's  vier  of  group  life    15 

His  conception  of  the  nation   17 

tfhat   is  good   citizenship    17 

His  idea  of  patriotism    18 


^  f  er  o  r  — 


TABLS  Of     COKT3KTS. 

Bach  for  all  and  all  for  e*ch   19 

Duty  of  citizens  to   participate 20 

Thought  and  action  go   together 21 

The   influence  of  the   school    22 

Leadership 23 

CHAPTBh  III. 
Practical  qualities  of  Citizenship. 

Faith  in  the  people 24a 

Worth  of  ideals   25 

IndiTidual   industry 26 

honesty 26 

square  deal  or  fair  pln-y 27 

sociability 27 

Teamwork  23 

Initiative    29 

aesponsibilty   30 

Conclusion    30 


TABLE   07  C0i.TEi.T3. 

PAST      II. 
aoosevelt   as  A  Citizen. 
Introduction,    33 

CHAPTER     I . 
aeneral    Character   of  His  Development. 

Early  J.ife    34 

Early  manhood  36 

Later  attitude  tovard  p/iysical  development 37 

Sanitation  39 

Courage  40 

self  control    42 

Gentleness   44 

A  companion  to   children    45 

Other  impressions    48 

CHAPTER     II . 
Roosevelt's  Activities  as  a  Citizen. 

His  attitude    50 

Service    50 

Meri t  system 52 

Servi ce  on  meri  t  54 

Equality  of  opportunity  55 

Bis  attitude  toward  corporations 56 

Efforts  toward  conservation  and  reclamation  ,-..  58 


TABLE  07  COUTIMTS. 

Cirio   righteousness    . 61 

Party  loyalty .., 64 

Patriotism 66 

Responsibility 6u 

Tnitiatire . I 

His   intiative   in  building  Panama  Canal   71 

noosevelt's  part  in  the   settlement  of  the 

xtus so -Japanese   ffar 75 

Encouraged   initiatire   in  others   7o 

oquire  deal 77 

How  he  practiced  democracy   . 30 

Farsightedness   87 

His  attitude  toward  League  of  Nations   89 

His  last  great   service 9l 

CHAPTSH      III. 

uoosevelt* s  Literary  Activities. 

natural   scientist 94 

Historian 99 

Sss*yi  st 100 

Addresses 102. 


TABLB  OF  COMaOMffS. 

PART      III. 
Theodore   itoosevelt's  Theory  and  Practice  from  the 
Point  of  View   of  Ciric  Education. 
CKAPTSH     I. 
Objective*  in  Training   for    Citizenship. 
Introduction 106 

-r-^ning  in    citizenship  the  most      mport^nt  w^>rk   of   the 

•>nl ,...107 

An   example 108 

Knowledge 108 

The    creed  of  American  Democracy 109 

Interdependence 109 

National    consciousness Ill 

Seeling HI 

ociqbility 112 

Cooperation 114 

faith  in  the  creed  of  American  Democracy 115 

Patriotism 117 

Justice 118 

Civic  responsibility 119 

Conduct  120 

Self-control    120 


TABLE   OF  COKTERTS. 

naif-reliance    120 

Tolerance   . 121 

Adaptability 121 

Initiative    122 

Surplus  energy 1-23 

Summary 124 

CHAPTER  II. 
Roosevelt's  Appreciation  of  the  School 
and  its  Teacher*. 

Introduction 126 

Training  in  Character   127 

The  teacher '. 128 

Hi o  attitude  toward  work    129 

Preaching  rersue  practice    129 

Hie  view  of  play 132 

Value  of  y  laygsounds    133 

The  strenuous  Life    133 

CHAPTER  III. 
Roosevelt's  Contribution  to   Teachers  and   Pupils 
as  quoted  from  his  Works. 

Introduction   135 

Charac  ter 136 

Voral  quality ,    138 


TABLE   0?  COisTBaTS. 

Self-reliance    141 

Good   qualities    141 

Kight 142 

Cooperation 143 

Courage 145 

Justice    145 

Ameri  cani  sm    14  7 

Initiative    148 

Honesty    148 

service 150 

Equality 151 

Ideals    152 

Responsibility   153 

Work    1 54 

Education 156 

Books    158 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  purpose   of   this  paper  is,    first,    to   present   Theodore 
Roosevelt's  theory  of  citizenship;    second,    to   consider  Theodore 
Roosevelt  as  an  active  citizen;    and   third,    to    set  forth   the 
values   that  may  be  deduced  from  his  life   and  works  in  order 
that   they  <nay  be  used  in  civic   education. 

In  Part  I .   an  attempt  is  made  to    answer  the   question, 
What  did   uoosevelt   think  about  citizenship?      In  Part   II.   an 
attempt  is  made   to   point  out  how  Theodore   Roosevelt  conducted 
himself  as  a  citizen,    and   to   answer   the  question,    did  he 
practice  what  he  preached,    if  so  how?      In  Part   III,    the  aim 
is  to   point  out  what  educational   uses  can  be  made  of  Theodore 
Roosevelt's  contribution  to   the   theory  and   practice   of  civic 
education. 


PART      I. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT  »S   COKCEPTIOli   OF  AMERICA* 

CITIZENSHIP. 

!-*•,*  '      •' 

CHAPTER  I. 
Requisites  for  Citizenship. 

In  following  Roosevelt's  career  we   find   the   task  of 
obtaining  his  interpretation   of  citizenship- is   not   so  diffi- 
cult  for  he  belonged,    like  Lowell,    to   the   class  of  men  whom  we 
may  term   'once  bor&i*    He  put  his  whole  being  without  fear  or 
insincerity  into   all  he  wrote   and  did;    and   so  we  have  but    to   read 
his  letters,    addresses,   books,   and  follow  his  public   life   to   find 
that   they  all   tell   the   same    story,    show  now   strongly  he   felt  him- 
self a  citizen   and   discloses  his   convictions  as   to    the   duties 

1 
and   rights  of  citizenship. 

There   is  but  one  way  by  whicn  men  and  women  can  be 
brought   to    the  realization  of  the   essential    truths  of  a  coramon 
brotherhood  of  man.      Education  furnishes   the  way  and  makes  pos- 
sible  the  realization  of  the  highest   and  best   concepts   of  man's 
obligation  to  man  and   to    God.      The  following  is  the  view  point 
emphasized  by  Roosevelt.      "We  can  not  afford    to   lose    sight     fi- 
nally of  the   fact   that  in  a  republic   like   ours  healthy   civic 

1.        Cf.   Lange,    A.    F. ,   Lowell's  Conception  of   Citizenship. 
University   Chronicle   7:    1904-5,    p.   108. 


-2- 


life  must  be  based  upon  the  rule   of  conduct  which   is  admitted 
to  be   the  binding  rule   in   every  church  worth  the  name— that  rule 
of  remembering  that  each   is  his  brothers'   keeper.      Each  must  not 
only  do  his   duty,    but  each  must  do   in  a   spirit  of  genuine   sym- 
pathy,   of  feeling  for  the  other,    of  trying   to   put  himself  or 

herself  in  that  other's  place  and   trying  there- 
Brotherhood  1 

fore   to  help  that  other."      "Let  us  realize   that 

in  every   truth  we  are  knit  together  in  ties  of  brotherhood,    and 

that  while   it  is  proper  and  necessary  that  we   should   insist 

upon  our  rights  we   should  yet  be  patient  and  considerate   in 

bearing  with  one  another,   and  in   trying,    so   far  as  in  us  lies, 

each   to  look   at   the  problems   that  face  us  from  his  brother's 

2 
standpoint  as  well  as  from  his  own."      The  reading  of   the   Bible 

amounts  to   naught  if  the  brotherhood   lesson   is  not  put   into 

practice  as  well   as  read   for   "we  must  each  of  us   strive    so    to 

conduct  our  lives  as  to  be,    to   a  certain   extent  at   lest,    our 

brother's  keeper.      We  must   show  th«*t  we   actually    do  take   into 

our  o^n   souls  the   teachings  which  we  read  and  be  doers  as  well 

3 
as  hearers."      uoosevelt  points  with  pride   to   the  men  of   the 

Grand  Army  ana   says  that   they  left  us   "the  most   splendid  example 

of  what  brotherhood  really  means, they  showed  in  a  practical  way 


1.  To   flew  Jersey  Association   of  Congregational  T.inisters,    190b 

2.  At   Georgia  ^tate    building  Jamestown   imposition,    June   10,    1907, 

3.  ]  ible   and    the  Life   of  the  People,    Outlook,    bay  27,    1911. 


-3- 


that  the  only  safety  in  our  American  life  lies  in  spurning  the 
accidental  distinctions  which  sunder  one  man  from  another,  and 
in  paying  homage  to  each  man  only  because  of  what  he  essential- 
ly is;  in  stripping  off  the  husks  of  occupation,  of  accident  un- 
til the  soul  stands  revealed,  and  we  know  man  only  because  of 

1 
his  worth  as  a  man."    To  the  same  point  he  says,  "The  general 

and  the  man  from  the  ran'*  honor  one  another  by  the  ni^hest  type 

either  knows-  comrade—   This  applies  in  civil  life  no  less  than 

military  life  if  we  are  to  work  out,  aright  the  problems  taat 

2 
face  the  Kepublic."   He  says  that  we  must  in  our  lives,  in  our 

eftorts,  endeavor  to  further  the  cause  of  brotherhood  in  the 
human  family;  but  must  do  it  in  such  a  way  that  those  who  are 
ever  ready  to  find  a  subject  for  complaint  may  not  find  it  by 
pointing  out  any  contrast  between  our  professions  and  our  lives. 

iioosevelt  believes  with  Lincoln  and  Lowell  that  man, 
rattier  than  institutions  and  forms  of  government,  is  the  prima- 
ry object  of  interest  and  concern.   He  says:  "The  true  object 
of  government  h^s  been  happily  defined  as  the  effort  to  accom- 
plish a  general  distribution  of  welfare.   The  true  object  of 
democracy  should  be  to  guarantee  to  each  man  his  rights,  with 
the  purpose  that  each  man  shall  thereby  be  enabled  better  to  do 


1.  At  Antietam,  Maryland,  September  17,  1903. 

2.  opeech  of  iioosevelt '  s  at  the  Keunion  of  the  Department  of 
Potomac,  a.  A.  H.  Washington,  D.  C.  February  19,  1902. 


-4- 


hi8  duty.   Government  is  a  failure,  no  matter  how  well  it 
preserves  law  and  order  if  it  results  only  in  securing  to  a 
few  people  an  enormously  disproportional  share  of  power  and  ma- 
terial well  being,  while  the  conditions  for  the  great  mass  of 

men  are  such  as  to  forbid  them  achieving  suc- 
The  object  of 

government        cess  by  hard,  honest,  intelligent  work.   Sim- 
ilarly democracy  means  failure  if  it  merely  substitutes  a  big 
privileged  class  and  if  that  big  privileged  class  desires  noth- 
ing more  than  selfish  material  enjoyment.   The  man  who  receives 

what  he  does  not  earn  and  does  not  render  service  in  full  for 

1 
all  he  has,  is  out  of  place  in  a  democratic  country."   He  be- 
lieved that  a  democratic  government  equalizes  freedom  of  action 
among  the  people  so  that  groups  of  interests  can  cooperate  with 
each  other  for  the  common  good  of  all.   It  is  to  the  benefit 
of  one  industry  that  other  industries  succeed  in  order  that  mu- 
tual exchange  of  products  take  place,  the  cities  supply  the  farms 
with  products  of  manufacture  and  the  farms  in  turn  supply  the 
cities  with  food  and  raw  material,   .government  fosters  the  spirit 
that  each  citizen  chooses  to  do  right,  namely,  to  take  the  in- 
fluence of  his  action  upon  his  neighbor  into  account. 

Ko  government  can  function  properly  unless  the  people 
have  adequate  freedom  and  liberty  of  action,   ^elf-government 

1.  Nationalism  and  Democracy,  Outlook,  97;  622-5  March  25,1911. 


-5- 

has  come  to  the  people  of  this  nation  as  an  inheritance  of 

ages  of  effort  and  it  can  he  thrown  away  or  unlearned  very 

easily,  depending  upon  the  unselfish  support  of  the  people 

themselves.   Roosevelt  says:  "Self-government 
Freedom  and 
Liberty         is  not  an. easy  thing  we  have  been  able  to 

preserve  orderly  liberty  and  strength  to  grow  in  greatness  among 
the  nations  of  the  earth,  while  becoming  steadily  more  and  more 
democratic  in  the  truest  and  bro'-ideEt  sense  of  the  word.   I  be- 
lieve with  all  my  heart  that  we  shall  continue  on  the  path  mark- 
ed out  for  us;  but  we  shall  so  continue  only  if  we  remember  that 

in  the  last  analysis  the  safety  of  the  Republic  depends  upon 

1 
the  high  average  of  individual  citizenship." 

There  is  no  one  point  made  more  emphatic  throughout 
Roosevelt's  writings  than  that  no  country  can  be  free  as  long 
as  it  has  the  point  of  view  that  government  is  the  business  of 
a  particular  class  of  men.   "Ho  republic  can  permanently  exist 
when  it  becomes  a  republic  of  classes  where  the  man  feels  not 
the  interest  of  the  whole  people,  but  the  interests  of  the  par- 
ticular class  to  which  he  belongs  or  fancies  he  belongs,  as  be- 
ing of  prime  importance  we  can  keep  this  Republic  true 

to  the  principles  of  those  who  founded  it,  and  of  those  who 
afterwards  preserved  it,  we  can  keep  this  Republic  at  all  only 
by  remembering  that  we  must  live  up  to  the  theory  of  its  founders 


1.   Remarks  at  the  St.  Patricks  Church,  •'ashington,  D.  C. 
llov.  20,  1902. 


-6- 


to   the   theory  of  treating  e^ch  man  on  hia  worth   as  a  man; 

neither  holding  it   for  nor  against  him  that  he  occupies  any 

particular    station  in  life,    so    long  as  he   does  his  duty   fairly 

1 
and  well  by  his   fellows,    by  the   nation  as  a  whole."      itoosevelt 

insists  that   the   citizens  of  the  republic  keep  ever  in  mind 

that   there   is  no    such   tiring  in  a  democracy  as  a  particular 

class  or  group   as  distinguished   from   the  mass  who   are   especially 

fitted   to   take   care   of  the  great  body  of  people;    freedom  exists 

only  when   the  whole  people   take   care   of  the   government.        "It 

is  absolutely  necessary   that   the  people  as  a  whole   should  have 

complete   control   of   the   instrumentalities  of   government,    fpr 

only  by  obtaining  and  retaining   such   control   can  we  work   out 

2 
the   genuine   principle   of  democracy  on   this   continent."      Roosevelt 

makes  it  unmistakable   that   the   right   of  liberty  belongs   to    the 

individual.      It   is  an  individual   right,    not  a  communal   right. 

"Every  man  must  be  guaranteed  his  ri^ht   to   do   as  he  likes  with 

his  property  or  his  labor,    so  long   as  he  does  not  infringe 

3 
the  rights  of  others."  Roosevelt  points  out  plainly  the   ab- 

surdity of  thinking  that   freedom  is  a  gift  which  goes  without 
assuming  the  responsibility  of  using  it  right.      Freedom  that  is 
worth   something   is   the   freedom  which  rae^ns   self-government.      It 


1.  Remarks  at   the   at. Patrick   Church,    ashing ton  D.C.    Kov.20,1904 . 

2.  Nationalism  and   Democracy,    Outlook,    9?:    622-5,    i'arch   25,1911* 

3.  Message  of  the   President  of  the  U.S.   communicated   to   the 

two   houses  of  Congress  at   the  Beginning  of  the    Second    session 
of  the    Fifty-eighth  Congress. 


-7- 


ia  i   constructive   force  which  gives  the   intelligent  and  good  man 
the  best  opportunity   to  do  better   things.      If  it   substitutes 
self-restraint   for  external   restraint;    thus  it   substitutes  a 
form  of  restraint  which  promotes  progress   for  a  form  which  re- 
tards it.      "Unless  our  average  citizenship  is  based  upon  a  good 
deal  ^ore  th<*n  the  mere  observance  of  the  laws  on  the   statue 
books-      that,    of  course,    preliminary—    that,    of  course,    is  the 
beginning,    but  unlesB  it  is  based   on  more   than   that   then  our 
average   citizenship  can  never  produce   the  kind  of  government 
which  it  must  and  will   produce,      j>o   far  from  liberty,    from 
freedom,    from  responsible  self-government,    being   things  tnat 
come   easily  and    to  any  people,    they   are  peculiarly  things  that 
can  come  only  to   the  highly  developed  people.      Only  people   ca- 
pable,   not  merely  of  mastering  others,    but  of  mastering  them- 
selves,   can  achieve  real   liberty,    can  achieve  real    self-govern- 
ment,   and    for   that   self-mastery,    for  the   cultivation  of  the 

spirit   of   self-restraint  which  is  but  another   side  of  the   spirit  of 

self-reliance,    we   must  rely   to    no    small   degree  upon   those  who   furni: 
us  much  of   the    thouj^ht   of   the   great  bulk   of   those  who    think  most'.' 

Jfreedom  can  stay  only  with  people  who  have   the  habit  of 
self  mastery,    'ftach  can  use  his  freedom  to   advantage  only  pro- 
vided  that  he   can  master  himself,    that  he  cnn  control  his  own 
passions  and   direct  his  own  faculties.      Every  man  must  have  a 


1.      hemarks  at   the  Dinner   of  the   Periodical   Pub.    Assn.   of 
America.      The  iiew  Willard,    Washington  D.C.    Apr, 7, 1904. 


-8- 

1 
master,    if  he   is  not  his  own  master   somebody  else  will  be." 

While  each  one  must  hold  his  own  against  outsiders  at   times,    it 

is  of  greatest  importance   that  he  be  on  guard  against  himself, 

"The  chief  dangers  to   each  mnn  dwels  within  that  man's  own 

heart  and  brnin;    and  what   is  true  of  each  of  us  individually, is 

true  of  all  of  us  in  a  mass.      Ho  man  can  do  good  work  in   the  world 

for  himself,    for  those  whom  he   lo"»es  who   are  dependent  upon  him, 

or   for   the   state  at  large  unless  he  has  the  great  virtue  oi'   self- 

2 
mastery." 

The  free  and  equal   development  of  all   its  citizens  is   the 

3 
most  precious  thing  the   state  has  in  its  keeping.  Bach  per- 

son should  be   t,iven  the  opportunity   to    show  what   is  in  him  and 
to   bring  him  to  his  best.      This  development   is  not   for  the   sake 
of  the   individual   alone,    but  also   for  the   contribution  wnich  his 

skill  and  personality  will  bring  to    soci- 
Squal   Opportunity 

ety.      The  man  who   serves  tue  community 

greatly  should  be  greatly  regarded   by  the  community,    so  while 
equality  of  opportunity  should  be   carefully  guarded,   where   there 
is  inequality  of  service   there    should   be  also    inequality  of  re- 
ward.    Koosevelt   speaking   to  the  point  on  this  matter   says, 
"When  we   speak  of  liberty,    when  we  praise  it,    let  us  try  to 
see  that   in  actual  practice  we  achieve  it.      .Vhen  we   speak   of 


1.  At  Keokuk,    Iowa,    Oct.    1,    1907. 

2.  Nationalism  and  Democracy,    Outlook  97;    622-5,    Mar. 25, 1911. 

3.  Cf.    Lange ,    A.    P.    Lowell's   Conception   of   Citizensniri,    p. 109. 


-9- 


fraternity,    of  brotherhood #   let  us  exercise  each  for  himself 
the  qualities   that  make   for  brotherhood,    for  fraternity.     When 
we   spe-;k  of  equality,    let  us   try  to  realize   it  in  the   spirit  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,   who   pointed  out   that   there  was,    of  course,    a 
certain  sense   in  which  men  are  not, and  can   not  be  equal;   but 
who  realized  by  his  life   and  hi  a  duties  the  profound    truth   that 
in  the  larger   sense,    in  the  real,    the  all-  important   sense   there 
can  and  must  be  an  equality  among  all  men.      This  equality  we, 
of  the  American  republic, must  seek   to   secure  among  our  fellow 
citizens.      It   is  an  equality  of  ri^it  before   the  law;    a  measur- 
able  equality  of  opportunity,    so    far  as  we  can  secure  it   for 
each  man   to  do    the  best   that  is  in  him  without  harming  his  fel- 
lows,   and  without  ninderance   from  his   fellows,    and   finally,   and 
most  important,    it  is  the  equality  which  we   should  prize   above 

all   else,    the  equality  of  self-respect  and  of  mutual  respect 

1 
among  each  and  all   our  citizens."      Hence  there   should  be  no   com- 
promise with  monopoly.      The  government    should   exercise   control 

i  s 
over  anything  whichA incompatible  with   equality  of  opportunity. 

The  initial  value   of  the  individual    stands  far  above 
industrial    systems,    and   the  nation  must  realize   that   its  great- 
est work  lies  in  the  use  of  material   interests   for  the  devel- 
opment  of  the  highest  possibilities    of  manhood.      The  labor 

1.      Address  to    ochool  Children   of  U.    is.    April  15,    1907. 


-10- 


problem  is  not  merely  an  economic  but  also  a  human  and  a  moral 

problem.   Any  deterioration  of  labor  conditions  means  wholesale 

sacrifice  of  human  lives  and  human  happiness.  Material  progress 

and  prosperity  are  desirable  chiefly  so  far 
Value  of  the 
Individual        as  they  le^d  to  mor^l  and  material  welfare  of 

all  citizens.  Material  prosperity  must  be  considered  merely  as 
a  foundation  upon  which  to  build  the  superstructure  of  higher 
citizenship.   A3  iioosevelt  says:  **We  are  now  in  a  condition  of 
prosperity  unparalleled  not  merely  in  our  own  history  but  in  the 
history  of  any  other  nation.   This  prosperity  is  deep  roated 

stands  on  ■  firm  basis  because  it  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  average  American  has  in  him  the  stuff  out  of  which  victors 
are  made  in  the  great  individual  contest  of  the  present  day, 
just  as  in  the  great  military  contests  of  the  past,  and  because 
he  i 8  now  able  to  use  and  develoo  his  qualities  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage under  our  well  established  economic  system.   We  are  win- 
ning headship  among  the  nations  of  the  world  because  our  people 
are  able  to  keep  their  high  average  of  individual  citizenship 
and  to  sho^  their  mastery  of  the  hard,  complex,  pushing  life 
of  the  age.  There  will  be  fluctuations  from  time  to  tine  in 
our  prosperity,  but  it  will  continue  to  grow  just  so  long  as 

re  keep  up  this  hitih  average  of  individual  citizenship,  permit 

1 
it  to  work  out  its  own  salvation  under  proper  economic  legislation.' 

1.   At  .^ineapolis,  'inn.,  April  4,  1903. 


-11- 


..oosevelt  had  too  much   common   sense  not   to   know  that   the 
chief  factor   in  winning  success   for   the   state   and   for   the  people 
in  the    state,    must  be   the   character  of  the   individual  man,    of 
the   individual  woman.      "It   is  all   essential    for  our  people   ever 
to  keep  in   their  minds  the   fact   that   tnough  national   resources 
can  do   a  great  deal,    though   the   law   can  do   a  good  deal,    the   fun- 
damental  requisite   in  building  up  prosperity  and   civilization 

is   the  requisite   of  individual   character   in     the   individual  man 
1 

or  woman."  Character   counts  far  more   than  intellect  or  phys- 

ical  prowess  in  winning   success  in 

Value   of  Character 

life.      "It  is  a  good  thing   to  have  a 

sound  body,    and.   a  better   thing   to  have   a   sound  mind;    and  better 

still   to  have   tha.t  aggregate   of  virile   and  decent   qualities  which 

2 
we  group  together  under   the  name  of  character."      The  building 

of  character   is  the   first  essential   toward   the   achievement  of 

good    civilization.      It  must  accompany  each    talent  or  the  possesor 

of  th«?   talent   is   a  menace    to    the   community. 

^oosevelt  gives  suggestions   as   to   the  development  of  a 

well   rounded   character  which   it  would  be  well  for  every  citizen 

to   adhere  to.      "Insistence  upon   self-respect,    insistence  upon 

others  showing  unselfishness  also,    as   a  corollary   to   your  first 

duty  of  yourself   showing  unselfishness  and    self-abnegation,    you 


1.  Address   at    _alt     ake,    Utah,    Aug.    16,    1903. 

2.  Roosevelt   Doctrine,    liarx-ison,    Page   40. 


-12- 


will   develop  a  well   rounded    Cii  iracter  and   capacity   to   do   good 

such   as   you  can  not  possibly  develop  in 

itooaevelt' 8  idea  any   other    fashion. ■ "In  developing 

of  development 

of  character  character,    remember  that  while  you  need   to 

develop   the  negative  virtues,    the  virtues  that  make  you  easy 

to  live  with,    that  make  you   not  actually  do   anything  wrong   to 

any  one   else,    yet   those  virtues  are  not  enoutih.      The  ordinary 

qualities  that  a  man  needs   to  display  are  not  the   ordinary 

qualities   that  a  woman  needs   to   display;   but  in  the  great, 

crises, in  the  time  s    of  great   stress,    each  must   show   the    traits 

that  he  or  she  prizes  in  the  other.      The    nan  must  have  in  nim 

a    fund  of  sweetness  and  usefulness;   and   the  woman  must  h^ve  in 

her   the   courage   and   the   strength  thnt   s#e  will   surely  need  if 

she   is   to  do  her  duty  aright   in  life  under   the   trials   that  will 

1 
surely  befall   us  as  we  do   our  way    thru    the  world." 

The  object  of  government   is  to    serve   the   interests  of 

the  many,    tne    sum  of  individual   citizens.      This  government,    like 

all   governments,    is  subject   to  human  improvement  by   the  pr^ctic- 

2 
al    application  of  Christianity.     By 
Value  of  Christian 

ideals  citizens   following  the  highest  public 

standard  of  conduct,    not  merely  on    ound^y,    but   at  home  and   in 
business.      If   the  mass  of  citizens  adhere  honestly  and  up»ightly 

1        Tn«  Commencement   of   the  Rational  Cathedral    bchool ,      aeh.D.C. 

June   6,    1900. 
2.      Of.  Lange,    A.    F.  Lowell's  Conception  of  Citizenship,   p.    11. 


-13- 


to   the  fundamental   laws   of  private   and  public  morality   it  will 
count  mote    for   the   republic    than   special   genius   or  universal 
brilliancy.      In   speaking  of  Christianity   applied,   Hoosevelt 
says,    "We  need   civic   righteousness.      The  best   constitution  that 
the  wit   of  man  ever   devised,    the  best  institution  that   the 
ablest    statesman  has   ever  reduced   to   practice  by  law  or  by 
custom,    i.ll   these    shall  be   of   no   avail   if  they   are   not  vivified 

by  the   spirit  vhich  makes   a   state   great  by  making  its  citizens 

J 
honest,    Just   and  brave! 


1.        At  the   Pan-American  Missionary   Service,    Mt   at.   Albon, 
Washington  D.   C,    Oct.   25,    1903. 


13a 


CHAPT&R     II. 

Kecessary  Attitudes   for  Citizenship. 

Roosevelt  whs  an  ardent    sur^norter  of  the  political    faith 

on  which  our   nation  is  built.      He  was   conscious  of  the    fact 

tnat   democracy  is  more   or  less  an  experiment  and   realized  the 

dangers   that  beset   it,    but  his  heart   and 

His   faith   in  mindweie   with   the   cause    because  he  had 

democracy . 

faith   in  the   average  man.      "The   noblest 

of  all    forms   of  government   is   self- 

1 
government;    tut  it  is  also    the  most  difricult1!    


"1    believe  in  the   future   of  the  American  people  because  I    be- 
lieve that   fundamentally  and   at  he-=>rt.   the   average  man  and 
the   average  woman  of  America  are    sound,      that     however  deep 
they  may  at     times       err,      yet      they     have 

"■•■'■         '  .,  ' '  i    .  i     i 

1.      Message  coTrpnunicated   to   the   Two   Houses   of  Congress, 
December   5,    1905. 


-14- 


in  them  fundamentally,    the  power  of   self-mastery,    the  power  of 

self-control,    the  power   to   live    their   lives   in  accordance  with 

a  high  and  fine   ideal,    to   do    strict  justice   to   others,    and  to 

insist  upon  their  rights  only  as  a  vantage-point   for  the  better 

1 
performance  of   their  duties."        But  itoosevelt  not  only  believed 

with  all  his  heart   in  real   and   thoroughgoing  democracy  but  he 
wished  to  make   this  democracy   industrial   as  well   as   political, 
and    thus  reduce   theory  to   practical   conditions  of  living.      He 
says; "Democracy   cannot  possibly  be   achieved    save  among  a   people 
fit   for  democracy.      There   can  be  no   real    political   democracy 
unless   there   is   something  approaching  an   economical   democracy. 
A  democracy  must   consist  of  men  who  are   intellectually,   morally, 
and  materially   fit   to   be   their  own  masters.      There  can  be  nei- 
ther political   nor  industrial  democracy  unless  people  are   rea- 
sonably well-to-do,    and  also   reasonably  able   to   achieve   the  dif- 

2 
ficult   t-*sk  of  mastery." 

Democracy  will  not   solve  all    oolitic   1    problems  and   con- 
flicts but,    as   Dr.  Lange  has   said,    "its   substance    is  common 

3 
thinking,    feeling,    and  willing  of  its  citizens."      The   first   con- 
dition   for  its   success  is   the  rise  and   progress  of  a  national 
spirit.      "<Ve   shall   never   be    successful   over  dangers   that  confront 

1.  Nationalism   and   Democracy,    Outlook,    97;    622-5,    Dec.    5,    1905. 

2.  Two   noteworthy   books  on   Democracy,    Outlook,    108;    648-5,    1914. 
S«      Lange,    A.    F.,    Lowell's   Conception  of   Citizenship,    p.  112. 


-15- 


us;   we   shall   never  achieve    true  greatness,    nor  reach   the  lofty 
ideal  which  founders  and  preservers  of  our  mighty  federal  Repub- 
lic have   set  before  us,   unless  we  are  Americans  in  heart  and 
soul,    in   spirit  and  in  purpose,    keenly  alive   to   the  responsibil- 
ities implied   in   the  very  name  of  American,    proud  beyond  measure 

1 
of  flwi  glorious  privilege  of  bearing  it."      Americamism  is  a   ques. 

tion  of   spirit,    conviction  and  purpose,    not  a  matter   of  birth- 
plTce,    of  ancestry,    of  creed  or  occupation.      The  man  who   can  do 
the  most  in   this   country  is   the  man  whose   Americanism  is  most 
sincere  and   intense. 

When   thinking  of  the   nation  Koosevelt   seems   to   consider 
it  as  one  big   family,    whose  members  each   contribute   to    the  life 
oi    the  whole,    each  share   in  various  degrees,    the  motives,    sym- 
pathies,   ideas,    desires,    and   acts  of  will,    common  to   all.     Hence 

he  rejoiced  over  movements  which  tend   to 
Roosevelt's  view 
of  grout)  life  bird   the  family  closer    together    so   as   to 

2 
secure  a  better  understanding  among  its  members.      "It   seems  to 

me   that   the   y.   V..   C.   A.,   plays  a  part  of  great  consequence,    not 
merely  because  of   the  great  good  they  do   in   themselves  but  be- 
cause of  the  great  leeeon  of  brotherhood   that   they  teach  all   of 
us.     All  of  us  here  are  knit   together  by  bonds  which  we  cannot 


1.  American   Ideals,    p.   16 

2.  Of.  Lange,    A.   i\  Lowell*s  Conception   of  Citizenship, p. 113. 


-16- 


sever.  For   weal  or  for  woe  oar  fates  are  inextricably  intermin- 
gled.  All  of  ub  in  our  present  civilization  are  dependent  upon 
one  another  to  a  degree  never   before  known  in  the  history  of 
mankind,  and  in  the  long  run  we  are  going  to  go  up  or  to  go 
down  together.  For   a  moment  some  man  may  rise  up  trampling  on 
hi 8  fellows,  for  a  moment  and  much  more  commonly,  some  men  may 
think  they  will  rise  or  gratify  their  evil  and  hatred  by  putting 
down  others.   But  only  such  iuoments  upward  is  probably  illusory, 
and  is  certainly  short  lived.   Any  permanent  movement  upward 
must  come  in  such  a  shape  that  all  of  us  feel  the  lift  a  little, 
and  if  there  is  a  tendency  downward  all  of  us  will  feel  that  tend- 
ency too,  we  must  if  we  are  to  rise  ourselves  realize  that  each 
of  us  in  the  long  run  can  certainly  be  raised  only  if  the  condi- 
tion? are  such  that  all  of  us  are  somewhat  raised.   In  order  to 
bring  about  these  conditions  the  first  essential  is  tn*>t  each 
shall  have  a  genuine  spirit  oi  regard  and  friendship  for  others 
and  that  each  of  us  shall  try  to  look  at  the  problems  of  life 
somewhat  from  the  neighbors  standpoint,  t-iat  v?e  shall  have  the 
capacity  to  understand  one  anothers  position,  one  anothers  needs, 

and  also  the  desire  each  to  help  his  brother  as  well  as  to  help 

1 
himself ." 


Topeka,    Kansas,    May  1,    1903. 


-17- 


Koosevelt.    like  Lowell,   had  a  practical  mind.      He  was  not 

given  to    substituting  vague  abstractions  for   full-grown  facts. 

When  speaking  of  the  nation  and   national   spirit  he  pointed  out 

that  a  nation  consisted  of  men  and  women,    that   national    spirit 

in  reality  is  the   feeling  of  brotherliness   each  have   for  all, 

and  all  have   for  each.      Fatriotic   loyaly  is  really  loyalty   to  good 

citizenship, the    showing   of  afiection   to    one's 
Hie  conception  of 
the  nation  neighbor   as  well    to    one's   self.    He  realized  too 

that  national   consciousness  has   its  foundation   in  local    pride 

1 
and  love.      He   cautions  us  to   reracaiber  that  we  must  not,    subor- 
dinate national   consciousness  to   sectionalism.      "In  the  first 
place  we  wish   to    be    moadly  American  and  national, aa  opuOsed   to 
being  locnl  or  sectional.     We  do  not  wish  in  politics,    in  lit- 
erature,   or  in  art  to  develop  that  unwholesome   spirit,    that  over- 
exaltation  of  the  little  comnunity  at  the  expense  of  tne  great 

nation,   which  produces  whnt  has  been  described  as   the  patriotism 

2 
of  the  village,    tne   patriotism  of   the  belfry." 

C*ood  citizenship  begins  at  home.     Most   of  us  will    never  be 
in  a  position   to    show  by  heroic  deems  our  patriotism,    our  nation- 
spirit  and  loyalty  but  e   ch  can  contribute  all  tnat  within  him 
lies  to   the  progress,  material,    intellectual   and  moral  of  the 

1.  It.  Lange.    A.    F.  Lowell's  Conception  of  Citizenship, p. 114-S. 

2.  American   Ideals,    p.   16. 


-IB- 


small  social  group  to  which  he  happens  to  belong.   Ae  Roosevelt 

sh^s.  "It  does  not  sound  quite  so  inspiring  to  be  asked  to  be 

a  good  citizen  of  the  village,  of  the  county, 
What  is  good 
citizenship?      as  it  does  to  be  asked  to  be  a  good  citizen 

of  the  nation;  but  you  can  not  be  a  good  citizen  of  the  nation 

if  you  are  not,  in  the  first  place  a  good  citizen  among  your 

own  neighbors,  atove  all  remember  that  you  can  not  be  a  good 

citizen  of  the  town,  or  county  if  you  are  not  a  good  citizen 

1 
in  your  own  home  first."   In  doing  our  own  particular  huuidrum 

duties  of  every  day  life  most  of  us  can  show  our  national 

spirit,  under  the  guiding  thought  that  patriotism  is  loyal 

public  spirit,  excluding  narrow  sectionalism  and  enlarged  to 

include  the  thought  that  after  all  we  are  one  people  whether  we 

live  in  the  city  or  the  country,  in  the  East  or  in  the  West 

in  the   Korth  or  in  the  Douth,  we  are  but  one  mighty  whole,  one 

indivisible  country  with  tne  interest  of  all  the  citizens  at  heart, 

ratriotlsm  in  Roosevelt's  conception  is  not  a  sudden 

outburst  of  emotion  such  as  is  so  often  manifested  on  the  Bburth 

of  July.   "If  a  man  who  comes  to  the  Fourth  of  July  celebration 

„.        ^       goes  home  and  conducts  himself  so  that  his  wife 
riie  idea  of 

pa  rio  ism        and  cnildren  ^^   beyond  anything  else  that 
he  never  did  come  home,  you  can  guarantee  taat  man  is  a  poor 


1.   At  Oyster  Bay,  ft.  Y.  July  4,  1906. 


-19- 


1 
citizen".        True   patriotism  is  a   feeling  which    is  real   and    strong, 

a  feeling  which   should   ever  be   present   in   the   daily  tasks  and 
pursuits  of  eveiy  member  of  a    community.      Individual    life  lacks 
de-per  meaning,    remains  undeveloped   and  dwarfed    if   there   is  not 
the   feeling  of  patriotism,    love  of   country   and   pride   in  the   flag 
which   symbolizes   the  country,    the   feeling  which  makes   the   citi- 
zen ready  to   live   for  as  well   as   to   die   for  his  country. 

"Tie  principle,    all    for  each   and   each  for  all,    is  a  nec- 
essary  element   in   individual   character  as  well   as   in  good  citi- 
zenship.     While  Hoosevelt  approves  of  it 
Each   for  all 
and   all    for  each.  as  a  working  motto,    he  warns  us  not   to 

forget  that  the  first  requisite  in  accomplishing  it  is  that  each 
man  should  work  for  others  by  working  for  himself,  in  the  devel- 
opment of  his  own  capacity.  "The  first  requisite  of  a  good  cit- 
izen in  this  Republic  of  oure  is  that  he  shall  be  able  and  will- 
ing to  pull  his  own  weight-  that  he  s^all  not  be  a  mere  pas- 
senger, but  shall  do  his  share  in  the  work  e*>ch  generation  of 
us   finds   ready  to  hand,    and   furthermore   that   in  doing  his  work 

he   shall   show  not   only  the  c-roacity  for   sturdy   self-help  and 

2 
self-respecting  regard    for  the   rights  of  others".      If  one  has 

a   foundation   of   self-help  and    self-service  he  can   safely  build 


1.        At   Oyster   r>ay,    I,   Y.    July  4,    1906. 

ii.        Adarese   to    Chamber  of  Commerce    of   State   of   1«    Y.At   | .    Y. 
City,    Kov.    11,    1902. 


-20- 


ur^on  it   the  useful   superstructure   of    service   to  his  fellows,    of 

service  to   the    state,    of   service   to   the   community  as  a  whole. 

icing  a   success  of  one's  own  work,    attending  well   to    . 

one's  own  business  also    implies  attending  well    to    the  affairs 

of  the   neighborhood  and   the  nation.      Taking  part   in  politics  is 

not  merely  a  right,   not  merely  a  duty, 
Duty  of  a  citizen 
to  participate.  tat   is  demanded  by  one's  own  eelf- 

respect.      "JSach  man   should  feel   that  he  has  no   excuse,    as  a   cit- 
izen in  a  democratic  republic   like  our3,    if  he  fails  to  do  his 
part  in  tne  government.      It  is  not  merely  his  rignt  to  do    so, 

but  his  duty,   his  duty  both  to  himself  and    to   the   Nation 

A  man  may  neglect  his  political   duties  because  he   is   too   lazy, 
too   selfish,    too  short-sighted,   or  too  timid;  but  whatever   the 

reason  may  be   it  is   certainly  an  unworthy  reason,    and   it    shows 

1 
either  i  weakness     in  a  man's  character  or   something  worse". 

Taking  part  in  the  government  does  not  necessarily  mean 
the  holding  of  a  public   office,    but  it  does  mem   that   each  cit- 
izen  take  an  intelligent,    disinterested,    and   practical    part  in 
the   every  day  duties  of  the  avernge   citizen  by  seeing   to  it# 
as  best  he  can,    that   there   is  a  genuine   equality  of  opportunity 
for  all  men   so   far  as  it  can  be  brought  about,    and   that  there 

1.        At  the    Harvard  Union, Feb.   23,    1907. 


-21- 


is  the  right  attitude  of  this  nation  toward  other  nations. 

The  man  who  does  nis  duty  day  in  and  day  out  in  the  small 

things  as  well  as  in  the  large  taings,  is  the  man  who  is  doing 

his  duty  to  nimself,  to  his  neighbor,  to  tne  state,  and  to 

the  nation.   "A  good  citizen,"  Koosevelt  says,  "must  be  a  good 

breadwinner,  he  must  take  care  of  his  wife,  and  his  cnildren, 

he  must  be  a  neighbor  whom  his  neighbors  can  trust,  he  must  act 

squarely  in  his  business  relations,  he  must  do  all  these  duties 

first,  or  he  is  not  a  good  citizen.   iut  he  must  do  more.   In 

this  country  of  ours  the  average  citizen  must  devote  a  good 

deal  of  thought  and  time  to  the  affairs  of  the  state  as  a  whole 

or   those  affairs  will,  go  backward,  he  must  devote  that  thought 

1 
and  time  steadily  and  intelligently* .   noosevelt  never  tireB  of 

repeating,  "Back  of  laws,  back  of  the  administration,  back  of 

th9  system  of  government  lies  the  man,  lies  the  average  manhood 

of  our  people,  and  in  the  long  run  we  are  going  to  go  up  or  go 

down  according  as  the  averse  citizenship  does  or  does  not  wax 

1 

in  growth  and  grace." 

The  fundamental  duty  of  good  citizenship,  then,  consists 
in  the  cultivation  of  patriotism  as  a  habit  of  thought  and  action, 
Thought  must  be  transformer!  into  action  in  order  that  progress 
ma,y  exist.  To  know  an'  to  act  are  the  fundamentals  which  are 


1.  At  Symphony  Hall,  Loston,  Aug.  25,  1902. 


-22- 


not  always  easy  but  which   self-government   requires.      "A  man  is 

not  h  good   citizen,    1   do   not  care  how 
Thought  and   action 
go   together.  lofty  his    thoughts  are  about   citizenship 

in   the   abstract,    if  in   the   concrete  his  actions  do   not  bear  him 

out,    and   it  does  not  make  much  difference  how  high  his  aBperations 

for  mankind   at  large  may  be,    if  he  doee  not  behave  well    in  his 

1 
own  family   those  aspirations  will   not  bear  visible    fruit". 

It  is   the  duty  of  every   American   citizen   to    become   famil- 
iar with  our   country's  history,    its  governmental    operations,    and 
to   act   intelligently  upon  problems  of  local   and  national    interest. 

To   see  to   it   that   efficient    schools  rare  main- 
"ht*   influence 
of  the  school.  tained  for   "the  public   schools  are   not  merely 

educational   centers   for   the  mass   of  people,    but   they   are    the   fac- 
tories of  American   citizenship.      Incidentally  to   its   other  work 
the   public    echool    does  more   than  any  other   institution  of  any 
sort   or  description   to   Americanize    the   child   of  foreign   oorn 
parents  who   come  here  when  young,    or  is  born  here.      nothing   counts 
so  much   in  welding  together  into   one   compact  mass  of   citizenship 
the   different  race    stocks  which  here  are  being  fused    into   a  new 
nationality" . 

But  not  only  must  a  real   democracy   see   that   the   chance 


1.  At    Symphony  riali,    boston,    Aug, 26,    1902. 

2.  To   the   Bowrd   of  Education  of   district   of   Columbia   and   others 
at   the   v/hite   House,    Dec.   18,    1905. 


-23- 


for  elementary  education  is  open   to   every  boy  and  girl,    but  also 
schools  of  the  most  advanced   type    so   that   there  will   be   oppor- 
tunity for  developing  leaders.      "The  education  of  the  mass,   while 
the  most   important   problem  in  democratic   education,    is   in  no  way 
or   shape  by  and  of  itself   sufficient.      Democracy   cornea  Bhort  of 
what   it   should  be  just   to   the  extent   that   it  fills   to    provide 
for  the  exceptional   individual    the  highest  kind   of  exceptional 
training,    far  democracy  as  a  permanent  world   force  must  mean  not 
only  the  raising  of  the  general  level  but   also    the  raising   of 
tne    atai.ds.rd  of  excellence    to  which  only  exceptional    individuals 

ran   attain.      The   table  land  must   be  raised,   but    the  high  peaks 

1 
must  not  be  leveled  down;    on  the   contrary  they   too  must  be  raised." 

It  is  impossible  for  government  to  operate  without  lead- 
ership, i'roifl  those  who  have  received  a  higher  education  a  spe- 
cial  quality   is  expected.      In  speaking  of  leaders  Roosevelt 

says,    "In  order  to    succeed  we  need  leaders   of 
Leadership 

inspired   idealism,    leaders  to  whom  are  granted 

viei^n,   who  dream   <*nd   strive   to   raake   their  dreams   come   true, 
who   can  isindle   tae   people  with  fire   from  their  own  burning   souls, 
The  leadei    of  the   tirae   being  whoever  he  may  be,    is  but   an   in- 
strument  to   be  used  until  broken  and   then  cast   aside;    and   if 
he   is  wort.,   -lis    salt  he  will   care  no  more  when  he   is  broken   than 


1.      Noteworthy  project   in  higher  education.      Outlook   97,344-6, 
Feb.  18,    1911. 


-24- 


a  soldier  cares  when  he   is   sent  where  his  life   is  forfeit   in 

1 
order   th«t   victory  may    be  won". 

ttevertaeless  it  remains   true    that  no   matter  how   great 
the  leader  he    cam  accomplish  little  unless  he  has   the   ri  Jit  kind 
of  peopj e   to   lead,      ho  leader   can   improve   our   citirenship  un- 
less  the   average  nan  has  in  him   the   capacity  for   such   improvement. 
The  m*n  behind    the   ballot   is    the    one  who   counts  most    in  civil 
life   and   it   depends  upon  the   people  whetner    thi s  movement    shall 
stand   in   the   future   ae   i t  has   in  tne   past. 


1.      Riffht   of   the    people    to   rule.      Outlook,    100;   March,    23,    1912. 


i»a   a. 


-24  a- 


CHAPTBK  III. 
Practical    Qualities  of  Citizenship. 

Roosevelt  would   not  have  us   follow   the  maxim  "My  country 

right  or  wrong",    as   it   is     frenuently  understood.      To  him  it 

1 
is  not  a  favorite  maxim.        He  went    to    the   core   of  things  when 

he    said,      "then  I    speak   of  Americanism   I    do   not   for  a  minute 

mean   to    e»y   that  all    things  we   do   are   all   right.      I    think 

there   art   plenty  of  evils   to    correct   and    that  often  a  man 

shove  himself  all    the  more   a  good 
Faith   in  the   people. 

American  because  he  wants  to    cut 

out  any  evil   of   the  body  politic  which  may   interfere  with   our 

approaching   the   ideal    of    true   Americanism.        But   not  only 

admitting  but      also      emphasizing   this,      it   yet   remains      true 

that,     throughout     our  history  no     one  has     been  able      to  render 

a     really  great      service    to      the      country     if     he     did     not 


1.        Cf.   Lange,    A.    F. ,    Lowell's   Conception  oi    Citi  zenship,p.ll8. 


-25- 


1 

believe   in   the   country" . 

i.y   the   same  high  ethical    standard  he  judged   political 

parties,    "a  party   is  of  worth  only  in   so   far  as  it   promotes   the 

national   interest,    and   every  of ficial,   high  or  low  can   serve  his 

mrty  best  by  rendering  to   the  people   the  best    service   of  which 

h»   in   enable.      Effective   government   comes  only   as   trie   result 

2 
of  long  co-operation1*. 

The  best   citizen   is  a  practical  man  of  high  ideals,    one 

who  does  his  best    to   put   those  high  ideals  into   actual    practice. 

In   fact  an  ideal    can  not  really  be   called 
Worth   of  ideals 

high  unless  it    is  one   that   is,    at   least, 

partialiy  realizable.      Concerning  this  point  hoosevelt   says, 

"be  practical   as  well   as  generous  in  your   ideals,    keep  your 

eyes  upon  the    stars,    but  remember  to  keep  your   feet  on  the  ground 

.....   The   salvation  of  our  whole   social    system  depends  upon   the 

nroduction  year  by  ye^r   of  a   sufiicient  number   of   citizens  who 

possess  hign   ideals  combined  witn.   the    practical   power   to  realise 

the*!,    In  every  walk  of  life,    in  business,    politics  if  the 

need   comet,,    in  war,    in  everything,    what  we  need   is  a   sufticien'  t 

number  of  men  who   can  work   well    and  who  will  "»ork   with  a  high 

ideal"  . 


1.  At    Augusta,    Maine,     \ug.    26,    1902. 

2.  Adareee  at   Oyster  Bay,    ■;   Y.   July  27,    1904. 

3.  hema.rks  Introducing  riev.   G.   ftagner,    at   the   Lafayette   Opera 
Hou  se ,    .Vash  .    D,     :  .   £ov  .   22  ,    1  904  . 


-26- 


But  knowledge  and  practical  efficiency  are  not  the 
only  things  for  a  citizen  to  acquire  and  demand.   A  man  can 
not  be  a  good  citizen  unless  he  is  willing  to  work.   The  worst 
thing  one  can  do  as  a  citizen  is  to  do  nothing.  The  idle  man 
is  a  detriment  to  the  community.   It  is  the  duty  of  every  A- 
merican  man  and  woman  to  work,  regardless  of  the  kind  of  em- 
ployment so  long  as  it  is  honorable,  is  necessary,  and  is  done 

well.   "We  have  no  place  in  our 

Individual  industry 

scheme  of  government,  no  room  for  the 

man  who  does  not  wish  to  pay  his  way  thru  life  by  what  he  does 

**or  himself  and  the  community /.'ork,  the  capacity  for  work 

is  absolutely  necessary  and  no  man's  life  is  full,  no  man  can 

be  said  to  live  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word  if  he  does  not 

1 
work".   The  man  who  counts  is  one  who  has  the  force,  trie  power, 

the  will  to  accomplish  results,  but  whose  ideals  are  such  that 

he  works  for  something  worth  striving  for. 

One  of  the  sterling  qualities  that  counts  for  much  is  a 

sense  of  unadulterated  honesty.  Unless  one  can  be  trusted  by 

his  fellow  man  he  is  not  a  good  citizen.   He  must  possess  the 

the  quality  of  honesty,  ueing  the  term  in  the 
Honesty 

broadest  sense,  in  the  sense  of  devoted,  disin- 
terested promotion  of  our  national  ideals  of  life.   ^peaking 


1.    At  Topeka,  Kansas,  Kay  1,  1903 


-27- 


to   the  point   hoosevelt   says.    "You  must  demand  honesty  or  you   are 

not  "ten;   and    you  must  do  honesty     or  you  are  not  decent  men? 

Again  ne   says,    "On  behalf  of  our  people,    on  behalf  no    less  of 

the  honest  man  of  me -me  than  the  honest  man  who  earns  each  days 

livelihood   by   the   sweat  of  his  brow,    it   is  necessary  to   insist 

upon  honesty,    in  all  walks  of  life,    in  big  things  and   in  little 

2 
things,   upon  Just  and   fair  dealing  as  between  man  and  man 3 

K  very  desirable   citizen  is  one  wao  has  a  sense  of  fair 

play  and  justice.      One  who  while  demanding  justice  for  himself, 

is  no  lees  scrupulous   to   do   justice   to   o triers.      It  is  a  safe 

doctrine   for   citizens   to      play   fair  and 
The  square  deal 
or  fair  play  just,    to  give  a  little  more   than  a  square 

deal  rather  than   less.     Roosevelt  never  tired  of  pleading  for 
square  de**l .      Square  deal—    the  word  he  himself  coined  because 
it  expressed   exactly  what  he  meant,    to  let  each  man  stand  on 
his  own  merit 8,   receive  what  is  due  him,   and  be  judged  accord- 
ing to  his  deeds.      "Tie  must  treat  each  man  on  his  worth  and 

merits  as  a  man,     we  must  see   that  e^ch  is  given  a  square  deal, 

3 
because  he   is  entitled   to  no  more,    and    should  receive  no  less" • 

In  order  to  have    fair  play  each  of  us  should  have   a 

genuine   spirit  of  regard  and  friendship  for  others,   understand 


1.  Public   ^ervantand  his   teachings. 

2.  Big  Stick  and   square  Oeai. 

3.  At  the   state    Jtair,    ii.    Y.    oept.    7,    1903. 


-28- 


one   another's  position,    one   another's  needs  and  have   the   desire 

to  help  each  other.      "I   do   not   think  a  man  is  fit   to   do   good 

work   in  our  American  democracy  unless  he   is 
Sociability. 

able   to  have   a  genuine    fellow   feeling,  for 

understanding  and    sympathy  with  fcis   fellow  American,    whatever 

their   creed  or   their  birthplace,    the    section  in  which   they 

live   or  the  work   they  do   provided   they   possess   the   only  kind  of 

1 
Americanism  that  really  counts   the   Americanism  of   spirit". 

Again  speaking  for   sociability  he   s^ys,      "I   firmly  believe   in 

my   countrymen  and    therefore   I   believe    the   chief   thing  necessary 

in  order   that    they   shall  work   together   is   tri^t    they   shall  know 

one   another  —    that   the   Northerner   shall  know   the    ..southerner 

and   the  man  of  one  occupation  know  the  man  of  another  occupation; 

the  man  who  works  in  one  wal^c    of  life  know  the   fellow  who  works 

in  another  walk  of  life,    so    that  he  may   realize    that   the   things 

which  divide   us   are    superficial,    are  unimportant,    and    that  we 

are,    and  must   ever  be  knit    together   into    one   indissouble  mass 

2 
by  our  American  brotherhood" • 

witness   for  companionship   implies   also  a  disposition   to 

do   teamwork    for  the  common  good.      In  our  government,    a  man  acts 

in  combination  with  others  if  he  wishes   to   accomplish   anything. 


1.  An  Autobiography.    Chap.    Ill,    p.    9b. 

2.  To    the   Brotherhood  of   Locomotive    Firemen,    Chattanooga, 
^enn.    Sept.    8,    1902. 


-29- 


This  means*    of  course,    that  he    subordinate  his  personal   beliefs 

and  personal   prejudices   to    the  judgment   of  his   fellows,      .hot 

only  must  man  work  hard   for  his  own  benefit  but 
'"e^mwork 

at   the   8^me   time   manifest   a   disposition  to   do 

work  in  conjunction  with  others   for  a  common  good. 

Roosevelt   says,    "There  are   times, of  course,   when  it  may 
be   the  highest   duty  of  a   citizen   to    stand   alone,    or  practically 
alone.      But  if   this  is  a  man's  normal    attitude,    if  normally  he 
is  unable   to  work   in  combination  with   a  considerate  body  of  his 
fellows  it  is   safe   to    set  him  down  as  unfit    for  useful    service 
in  a  democracy.      In  popular  government   results  worth   having 
can     be      achieved      only  by  men  who   combine  worthy  ideals  with 
practical   good    sense;   who   are  resolute    to   accomplish  good   pur- 
pose  but  who   can  accommodate   themselves  to    the  give   and   take 

1 
necessary  when  work  has   to   be   done,    by  combi nations* . 

While   tasks  can  be  performed  with  better  results  by  com- 
mon effort   it   does   not  follow  that  individual    initiative    should 
b*  discouraged.      Tar  from  that   it   should  be    stimulated.      "Facing 

the   immense   complexity  of  modern   social   and 
Initiative . 

industrial   conditions,    there   is  need    to  use 

freely  and   unhesitatingly  the   collective   power  of  all   of  us; 

and  yet  no   exercise    of  collective   power  will   ever  avail   if  the 

average   individual   does  not  keep  his  or  her   sense  of  personal 

■ 
duty,    initiative   and  responsibility". 


-30- 


ho  republic   can  proceed   toward    its  highest  goal   unless 
the  average   individual   cultivates  a   sense  of  civic  responsibility. 
Since   a   republic   provides   extraordinary   privileges,    the  respon- 
sibility is  correspondingly  great.        Too   often   the   ordinary   cit- 
izen,   immersed    in  the    tasks  of   caring  for 
hesponsibility. 

his  business  and   providing  for  his   family, 

gives  little  thought   to    civic  problems,      lsut    sooner   or  later 
social   progress   urges  his  civic   pride   to   act   upon  vital    ques- 
tions;   such  as   playgrounds,    parks,    street   cleaning,    paving,    the 
election  of  city,    county,    state  and   national    officers,    as  well 
as  *"*ny  o+her  civic  problems  which  present    themselves. 

uoosevelt  remarks,    "The  average  voter  needs   to   learn   to 
keep   steadly  in  mind   the   fact   that   if  in  the  last  resort   the 

real   responsibility  is  his.      He   can   not   cast   ofl    on  anyone  else 

1 
the   responsibility  for  our  governmental    short  comings" • 

Conclusion. 

hoosevelt  in  his   direct,    forceful  way  appeals   to   every 

citizen.     He  gives  to    them  a  code  of  behavior  which  we  might 

term  as  the  professional    ethics  of   the    cit- 
Ethical   code 

izen.      He  considers  behavior  as  a  profess- 
ion which  man  can   not  escape.      It  depends  entirely  upon  the 
citizen  whether  he  practices  it  well,   badly,    or  indifferently. 
His  faith  in  the  average   man,    his  confidence   in  the  people    to 
overcome   all    tendencies  which   attempt   to   lower   the    standards 
1.        Navy  Yard,    Portsmouth,    Va.,    May  30,    1906. 


-31- 


of  citizenship   caused  him  to   urge   organized   effort   toward    that 
end . 

Thru  personal   appeal, thru    speech  and   active  participation 
during  his  life    time,    Koosevelt  came   in  touch  with  the  large  mass 
of  the  people.      He  made  a   contribution   to    democracy   such  as  on- 
ly  the  greatest   Americans   can  give, 
hat  he   contributed 

His  influence  will    be  felt  far  beyond 

his  day.      Those  whom  he  helped  and  still  helps   to   incorporate 

the   ideas   and   ideals  of  the   practice  of  good  citizenship,    will 
pass  it  on. 

Thru    the    inspiration  of  his  writings  and   personal   exam- 
ple  he  led  public  opinion  to   a  higher  plane,      by  his   enlightened 
patriotism  he  has  made   easier   the   process  of  developing  an  in- 
dividual  into    the  reality  of  citizenship. 

Our   forefathers  gave  us   this  republic   in  which  e^ch 

citizen  is  a  ruler.      Roosevelt  thru  his  efforts  helped   to  make 

each  ruler  better   fit   to   perform  his  duties    to    the   republic. 

The  only  wajr  to   perpetuate   this  progressive 
Essentials  of 
citizenship.  republic   as  handed   down  to   us  is   to  meet 

the   requirements  for  good   citizenship  as  pointed   out  by  iioose- 
velt  in  the   following:      "le  must  possess   the   qualities  which 
are   indispensible   in  doing  our  duty  in  our  homes,    among  our 


-32- 


neighbors,    and  in  addition  we  must  possess  the   qualities  which 
are   indispensible    to    the  make  up  of  every  great   and  maeterful 
nation—  the  qualities  of  courage   and  hardihood,    of  individual 
initiative  and   yet   the  power   to    combine   for  a  common  end,    and 
above  all,    the   resolute  determination   to   permit  no  man  and   no 
set  of  men   to   sunder  us   from  the   other  by  lines  of  cast  or  creed 
or   section.     We  must  act  on  the  motto  of  all  for  each  and  each 
for  all.        There  must  be  ever  present   in  our  minds   the   fundamen- 
tal   truth   that   in  a  republic    such    as  ours   the   only    safety   is  to 
stand   neither  for  nor  against  any  man  because  he   is   rich   or  be- 
cause he   is  poor,    because  he   is   engaged   in  one   occupation  or  an- 
other,  beciuse  he  works  with   his  brain  or  with  his  hands.     We 
must   treat   each  uian  on  his  worth   and  merits  as   a  man.      We  must 
see    that  each  is  given  a   square  d'-tl,    because   he   is   entitled   to 
no  more  and   should  receive   no   lens.  .Finally  rre  must  keep  ever 

in  mind  that  a  republic  such  as  ours  can  exist  only  by  virtue 
of  orderly  liberty  which  come  through  the  equal  domination  of 
law  over  all  men  alike,    and  through   its  admini  etaration  in  such 

resolute  and   fearless  fashion  as   shall   tench  all    that   no  man  is 

1 

above   it  and   no   man  is  telor?   it? 


1.        At  the    St-te    Pair,    flew  York,    Sept.    7,    1903. 


-33- 


PART   II. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Roosevelt' s  theory  of  civic  education  has  been 
pointed  out.   Our  purpose  now  is  to  examine  the  active  life 
of  Roosevelt  to  see  how  well  he  practiced  the  principles  of 
democracy  as  set  forth  in  his  theory. 

It  is  not  our  purpose  to  speak  only  of  the  praic- 
worthy  things  he  did,  but  to  point  to  the  mistakes  and  ad- 
verse criticisms  that  have  come  against  him  in  public  and 
private  life  as  well. 


-34- 
FAHT    II. 

HOOSBVELT  AS  A  CITIZBM. 
CHAPXuui      I.       . 

General    Character  of  his   Development. 

Theodore   Hoosevelt  was   a  preacher  of  preparedness   not 

only   in  nation**!   life  but   in  individual   life.      He   considered 

it  not  only  a   privilege    for  an  individual    to   prepare  himself 

for   a  place    in  a  democracy   but  also   a  duty.      If  man  does  not 

fit  himself  physically  and  mentally  he   can  not  contribute   nis 

fu"M    sh*»re   to    the  unity  of  effort,      itoosevelt   believed  in  a 

strong  body,    well   trained   for   the   active  pursuit  of  any  work 

that  becomes  necessary   to   be  done. 

nature  gave   to    Roosevelt   a  puny  body  with   poor  eyes, 

but  he  made   it  his  business   to   develop  a   strong  body  in  order 

to  be  able   to   do  work  worth  while  when  he 
Early  life 

became   a  man.      To  gain  good  health  and  a   strong 

body  was  one  of  his  longest  and   hardest   fights.      He  had  within 

him  a  conquering   spirit  and    through  faith  and  will   power   to 

overcome    these   difficulties  he  became      strong  like  other  boys. 


-35- 


By  the   time  he   entered   Harvard  he  was  ready   to    take   part  in  what- 
ever  athletics  he   chose. 

His  first   realization  of  his  physical   condition  is   stated 
in  his  autobiography  as  follows:      ••Having  been  a   sickly  boy,   with 
no   natural   bodily  prowess,    and  having  lived  much  at  home,,    I  was 
at  first  quite  unable   to  hold  my  own  when   thrown  into   contact 
with  other  boys  or  rougher  antecedents.      I  was  nervous  and   tim- 
id.     Yet  from  reading  of  the   people   I   admired —ranging  from  the 
soldiers  of  Valley  Forge,    and  Morgan's  riflemen,    to   the  heroes 
of  my  favorite   stories  —  and   from  hearing  of  the   feats  perform- 
ed  by  my   Southern  forefathers  and  kinsfolk,    and   from  knowing 
my   father,    I   felt   a  great   admiration  for  men  who  were   fearless 
and  who   could  hold   their  own   in   the  world,    and  I   had  a  great 
desire   to    te   like   them.      Until   I  was   nearly  fourteen   I   let   this 
desire   take   no  more  definite   shape   than  daydreams.      Then  an 
incident  happened    that  did  me  great  good.      I  was   sent  off  by 
myself   to      ooaehead   Lake.      On   the   stage   coach  ride   thither   I 
encountered   a  couple  of  other  boys  who  were   about  my  own  age, 
but  who  were  much  more   competent  and   also  much  more  mischiev- 
ous.     I  have   no  doubt   they  were  good-hearted  boys,    but   they 
were  boys.      They  found   that   I  was  a  foreordained   and  predestin- 
ed victim,    and    industriously  proceeded   to   make  life  miserable 


-36- 


for  me.   The  worst  feature  was  that  when  I  finally  tried  to 

fi,iht  them  I  discovered  that  either  one  singly  could  not  only 

handle  me  with  easy  contempt,  but  handle  me  so  as  not  to  hurt 

me  much  »nd  yet  to  prevent  my  doing  any  damage  whatever  in 

return. 

The  experience  taught  me   what  probably  no   amount  of 

good  advice   could  have  taught  me.      I  made  up  my  mind   that   1  must 

try  to   learn   so   that   I  would  not  again  be   put  in  such   a  helpless 

position;   and  having  become   quickly  and   bitterly  conscious  that 

I   did  not  have   the   natural   prowess  to  hold  my  own,    I  decided 

that  I  would  try   to    supply  its  place  by  training.      Accordingly, 

with  my  father's  hearty  approval,    I    started   to  learn  to  box. 

I     was  a  painfully   slow  and  awkward  pupil,    and  certainly  worked 

two   or  three  years  before   I  made  any  perceptible   improvement 

1 
whatever? 

hile   in  college   lioosevelt  developed  a  well-rounded  per- 
sonality,     rie  realized   that  a  one-sided  development   could  not  pro- 
duce a  good  citizen.      He   enjoyed   every  phase  of  college  life 
tthysical   and   intellectual   as  well  as   social.      It  was   there  he 

cultivated   the  habit  of  concentration  both 
Early  manhood 

in  physical   and  mental   development.      He   stu- 
died  the  best   exercises  for  developing   tne  entire   Dody.      He 
found  that  along  with  physical   development  mental   power  increased, 

1.      Autobiography,    pp. 32-2?. 


-37- 


He  won  a  Phi  Beta  Kappa  "key"  for  his  proficiency  in  scholar- 
ship along  with  his  proficiency  on  the  side  of  physical  devol- 
opment.   Play  was  a  part  of  college  life  and  he  enjoyed  his 
part  in  it  but  he  never  regarded  it  as  having  an  end  within 
itself  but  a*   a  means  to  an  end. 

Speaking  of  his  college  life  in  his  autobiography  he 
sflys,   "I  thoroughly  enjoyed  Harvard ,  and  I  am  sure  it  did  me 

good,  but  only  in  tne  general  effect  for  there  was  very  little 

1 
in  my  actual  studies  which  helped  me  in  sifter  life."   It  was 

college  life  that  helped  him  to  find  himself  and  that  w^s  its 
greatest  service  to  him.   tfrs.  Robinson,  his  sister,  says, 
"His  college  life  broadened  every  interest  and  did  for  him 
what  had  hitherto  not  been  done,  which  was  to  give  him  confi- 
dence in  his  relationship  with  young  men  of  his  own  age.   Up 
to  that  time,  owing  to  delicacy  of  health,  he  had  been  some- 
what of  a  recline,  from  the  standpoint  of  relationship  of  boy 

2 
to  boy" . 

After  Roosevelt  had   developed  his  physical   condition 
to  the  highest  point  he  kept  it  there,     v/hen  he  was  Governor 
of  iiew  York  he  regularly  wrestled   three  or   four   time   a  week. 

He  kept  up  the  practice   after  he 
Later  attitude   toward 

physical   development.  became   President  until  he  re- 

ceived  an   injury  in   the  left  eye.      A  boxing  mate  once    said  of 

1.  Autobiography,    p. 16. 

2.  quoted   from  Lewis'   Life  of     oosevelt.   pp. 25-6. 


-38- 


him,  "iiometime  he  would  let  his  enthusiasm  run  away  with  him 

1 
and  cause  Him  to  do  a  little  more  than  his  strength  justified? 

He  played  tennis   diligently  tout  was  never  an  expert.   He  was 

a  splendid  horseman  and  usually  spent  a  few  hours  out  of  every 

twenty-four  in  his  favorite  exercise. 

Hoosevelt  was  a  great  cross  country  walker.   He  retained 
his  boyish  way  of  going  from  one  point  to  another  by  wading 
small  streams  and  climbing  over  obstacles  that  might  be  in  the 
way  of  approach.   He  did  not  take  exercise  as  if  he  were  doing 
it  for  health  but  rather  for  the  fun  of  doing  it.   This  attitude 
seems  to  have  been  beneficial  in  giving  him  splendid  results. 

The  work  and  responsibility  of  the  Presidency  was  con- 
sidered enough  to  break  down  the  strength  of  the  stoutest  man. 
Hoosevelt  was  physically  fit  for  the  heavy  burden.   If  he  did  have 
moments  of  discouragement  and  weary  trials  at  times,  they  were 
soon  thrown  off  and  he  was  thoroughly  enjoying  himself.   Every 
day  of  his  seven  and  a  half  years  there  was  a  strenuous  program 
to  be  cirried  out  but  he  left  the  office  with  the  same  vigor 
and  zest  of  life  that  he  had  when  he  entered  the  office. 

Hot  only  did  he  see  to  it  that  his  own  body  was  kept  in 
the  best  condition  but  did  all  within  his  power  to  instill  in 
his  fellow  citizens  a  realization  of  the  need  of  a  strong  body 
as  an  instrument  to  be  directed  by  the  mind. 


1.   Leslies,  Oct.  22,  1921. 


-39- 


In  order  to  have  good  health  it  become s  necessary  that 
sanitary  conditions  be  favorable,  therefore,  hoosevelt  took 
definite  steps  toward  bettering  living  conditions.   As  President 
of  the  Police  Force  in  i-.ew  York  he  had  a  place  on  the  Board  of 
Health.   He  promptly  made  his  influence  felt  for  better  living 
conditions  by  seizing  a  hundred  or  more  wretched  and  crowded 
abodes  of  the  poor.   As  a  result  the  death  rate  was  considerably 
lowered.   In  one  neighborhood  it  fell  from  39  to  16  in  1000. 
Later  when  he  became  Governor  of  Mew  York  he  made  a  personal 
tour  through  the  sweatshops  of  ttew  York  City  and  examined  con- 
ditions at  their  worst.   He  dove  into  the  dark  alleys  and  went 
through  the  clingy  halls  of  the  slum  districts,  in  order  to 

stamp  out  hot  beds  of  disease.   He  never  tired 
Sanitation 

of  fight  nor  made  any  compromise  with  vice. 

He  started  movements  to  improve  conditions  in  tenement  houses 
for  he  realized  the  need  of  healthy  home  life  if  children  were 
expected  to  grow  up  fitted  for  the  very  exacting  duties  of 
American  citizenship.   After  he  became  President  he  learned 
that  meat  packing  was  often  carried  on  under  filthy  and  un- 
sanitary conditions.   He  proposed  meat  inspection,  first,  by 
attempting  to  get  the  cooperation  of  the  corporations  in 
establishing  an  inspection  law  but  they  would  not  join  him 
and  openly  defied  the  establishment  of  such  a  law.   He  then 


.40- 


sent   a   secret  report   to   Congress   and   aroused   public  opinion 

which  compelled   immediate   enactment  of   a  meat   inspection  law. 

He  also   advocated   the   Pvre   Food  law  and  was  again  successful. 

Thus  he  contributed   toward   conditions  which  make   for   strong, 

healthy  bodies.      It  was  his  philosophy  that   "bodily  rigor  is  a 

method  of  getting  that  rigor  of   soul   without  which  rigor  of 

1 
the  body  counts  for  no  thing" • 

ftooserelt  realized    that  along  with   physical    strength 

man  needs   courage,      so  he  dereloped   this   stern  virtue   as  he 

relates  in  his   autobiography,    "There  were  all   kinds  of   things 

of  which   I  was  afraid   at  first,    ranging  from  grizzly  bears   to 

"mean"   horses   and  gun-fighters;    but   by  acting   as  if   I  were   not 

2 

afraid  I  gradually  ceased  to  be  afraid".   Kis 
Courage. 

experience  backed  up  his  theory  that  one  who  is 

easily  influenced  by  fear  can  train  himself  to  be  more  or  less 
fearless  if  he  but  chooses  to  do  so.   He  can  school  himself  to 
think  of  fear  as  a  thing  to  be  orercome.   Courage  became  a  typ- 
ical characteristic  of  iiooserelt.   Whether  he  rode  the  range  or 
hunted  big  game  on  the  prairies  and  among  the  mountains,  or 
chased  bandits, he  was  erer   the  courageous  leader.   Time  and  again 
he  showed  his  pugnacious  courage.   His  book  describing 


1.  Autobiography,  p.  57. 

2.  ■  p.  60. 


-41- 


his  explorations  in  umth  America  tells  of  the  physical  perils 
in  which  his  life  was  placed.   He  had  no  sense  of  physical  dan- 
ger not  even  when  his  life  was  placed  at  greatest  risk.   While 
on  his  way  to  make  a  political  address  at  the  Milwaukee  Audito- 
rium, October  1912,  he  was  shot.   Every  effort  was  made  to  induce 
him  to  receive  medical  aid  at  once  and  give  up  the  speech  but 
he  refused  because  he  thougnt  it  might  be  the  last  message  he 
might,  ever  be  able  to  utter.   He  was  criticised  for  hazarding 
nis  life  for  the  sake  of  a  political  speech,  but  it  was  only 
an  example  of  the  self  control  and  physical  courage  that  belong- 
to  Koosevelt. 

Hot  only  did  he  have  physical  courage  but  ever  present 
and  just  as  striking  was  his  moral  courage.   The  secret  of  his 
courage  in  the  political  world  may  be  found  in  his  belief  that 
truth  is  more  powerful  than  political  machines  or  labor  organi- 
zations or  commercial  trusts.   He  showed  his  political  courage 
by  securing  a  tax  law  which  caused  corporations  to  be  taxed  on 
their  franchise   in  the  s^me  manner  as  private  citizens  are 
made  to  pay  tax  on  their  personal  property,   relieving  that 
every  citizen,  regardless  of  whether  he  is  a  great  capitalist 
or  the  humblest  citizen,  should  be  compelled  to  obey  the  law, 
he  prosecuted  the  Beef  Trust  by  bringing  indictments  against 


-42- 


some  of  Chicago's  most  prominent  millionaires.      This  act   showed 
that  he  believed  moral   principle  is  more  powerful   than  either 
concentrated  wealth  or  popular  clamor.      Another  example  of  his 
moral   courage   is   shown  in  the   case  where  he   sacrificed   friend- 
ships and  personal   prestige   in  the   Progressive  Campaign  in  1912. 
It  was   because  he   considered  his  action  %o  he  just  and  right 
that  he   took   the   stand.  Concerning  ^ooseveltte  courage   Presi- 

dent Harding  said:    "Here  was  a  great  and  courageous   American, 
who   called  the   slumbering   spirit  of  the   republic   and  made   it   A- 
merican  in  fact   as  well  as  in  name. 

I    say  it   after  full   deliberation  and   free   from  all   in- 
clinations which   characterize  hero-worship,    I  believe    Colonel 
Roosevelt  to  have  been  the  most   courageous   American  of  all 
times.      He  not  only  believed,    he  proclaimed   and   acted.      He  was 
not  only  American  in  his  own  heart  and    soul,    but  he  believed 
every  man  who  wore   the  habiliments   should  be   an  American  in 

every  heart  beat,    and   commit  himself  to   simple  and  unfailing 

1 
Americanism"  . 

Along  with  courage   is  another   important   element,    self 
control.      If  self  control   is  not  present   then  courage   is  dan- 
gerous  to   the  welfare  of   society.      Physical   development   and 
self  control    should  go  hand   in  hand.      Koosevelt   is   an   excellent 

1.      Address  delivered  before    the   Ohio   Legislature,    Jan. 29, 1919. 


-43- 


example  of  the  partnership  of  body  and  mind.   He  developed  both 
to  such  an  extent  that  one  kept  pace  with  the  other,   .uoosevelt 
was  a  man  of  ardent  impulses  and  often  became  very  angry  but 
for  the  most  part  reason  controlled.   His  aim  was  to  make  passion 
his  servant—  always  under  control. 

Lyman  Abbot  said  of  him  in  1912,  "He  is  habit- 

Selfcontrol . 

ually  self-controlled  under  provocation,  and 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  his  life  always  brings  him  at  times 

strong  provocations.   He  rarely  defends  himself,  even  to  his 

friends;  and  attacks  upon  him  usually  he  dismisses  either  with 

indiflerence  or  with  a  laugh,  but  even  then  he  does  not  strike 

unless  he  is  quite  sure  the  blow  will  tell.   He  rides  himself, 

as  a  sure  rider  rides  a  mettlesome  steed;  he  has  plenty  of 

mettle  but  the  steed  is  always  well  in  hand. 

"Ho   man  can  control  others  unless  he  can  control  himself; 

and  it  is  the  combination  of  strong  passions  and  self  mastery 

which  gives  Mr*  xioosevelt  his  commanding  influence  among  strong 

men One  phase  of  his  self  control  is  his  justice. 

He  has  staying  power;  he  can  wait,  liapld  as  is  his  movement  of 

mind  he  knows  how  to  moderate  his  speed  and  adjust  his  pace  to 

those  who  are  cooperating  with  him.  He  believes  that  patient 

waiting  is  no  loss.   This  patient  temper,  the  impatient 


-44- 


in^ettenoent   cannot  understand  tout   it  enables  Mr.    Roosevelt   to 
get  along  with   the "machine"   and  make  it   serve    the   ends  of  a 
good  government  and   so  gives  him  a  power   that   self-willed   im- 
petuosity would   sacrifice.      This  patient   temper  enabled  him  to 
wait  calmly  for  the  psychological  moment   to   propose   to   Russia 
and   Japan  negotiations  for  peace;    an  earlier  proposal  would 
have  defeated  itself.      Taere   is  a   time   to   act  and  a   time   to 

refrain  from  acting  and  Mr.   Roosevelt  has   the  power   to   refrain 

1 
as  well  as  act"  . 

Along  with  Roosevelt's  strength,  courage  and  self  control 
was  the  spirit  of  gentleness.  President  Harding  said,  "The  pop- 
ular  impression  often  had  him  domineering  and   insistent,   but 

there  are  few  American  presidents  who   sought 
uentleness . 

advise  more  widely  or  were  more   ready   to   ac- 
cent.    Wy  own  impressions,    concerning  him,    gathered   from  press, 
lolatform  and  passing  events,    were  largely  altered   by  personal 
contact,   and  utterly  changed  by  the  revelations  of  those  who 
knew  him  longer   and  better.      Many  thought  the  mighty  hunter 
lacking  in  gentle  attributes,   but  he   could  be   as  gentle  as  he 
was  strong  and   as  sympathetic   as  a  mother  touched  by  love." 
Roosevelt's  gentleness  was  especially  manifested  in 
his  dealings  with  his  children.      The   following  paragraph  is 

1.        Ladies  Home  Journal,    Oct.   1912. 


-4  5- 


taken  from  his   autobiography.      "There   are  many  kinds  of   success 
in  life  worth  having.      It   is  exceedingly   interesting  and  attrac- 
tive  to  be   a    successful   business  nan,    or  a  railroad  man,    or   a 
Fresident,    or  a  ranchman,    or   the  colonel   of  a  fighting  regiment, 
or   to  kill  griszly  bears  or  lions.      But  for  unflaging   interest 
and   enjoyment,    a  household  of  children,    if   things  go   reasonably 

well,    certainly  make  all   other  forms  of   success  and   achievment 

1 
lose   their  importance   in  comparison".  On  another  occasion  he 

said,    "Above  all   teach   that   the   first   duty  is  to    the   family  and 

within  it;    and   that    the  greatest    success,    the  highest  happiness 

2 
comes  only  thru   the  right   type   of  family  life".  dm  believed 

the   strength  of   the  nation  lay   in  the  homes.      The  love   of  par- 
ents and    children  for  each  other  was   of   first  importance   in  cit- 
izenship.     The   itoosevelts  always   saw   to   it   that   their  family 
life  was   thoroughly  normal   and  happy.      Both  Mr.   and    u.rs.    uoose- 
velt   felt   that  nothing  could   be  more  important   than   the   training 
of   their  own  children.      They  kept   them  unspoiled  by   their  father's 
distinction  and   fitted   then   for   the  life   of  manly  men  and  womanly 
woman. 

..o  matter  how  great  the  pressure  of  public  duties,    or  how 
severe   the    trials   and  burdens  of  being  the  head   of  the   nation, 


It         Autobiography,    p. 364. 

2.        jpeeches  and   Addresses,  Vol .    5,    p. 781. 


-46- 


th  e   President  never  forgot  hie  duty   to  his   children.      He   consid- 

er**   ^laying  with   them  a  necessary  part  of   the  day.      They  had 

various  games  but   the   "•bear"   game  was   the 
A  companion 
of  children  favorite.      The   President  would   act   the  part 

of  a  very  active  and   fierce  bear  and    the   children  would  be   the 
young  hunters   armed  with   any  object  which   they  first  found. 
After   the  be«?r  had  been  killed   or   captured   they  changed   charac- 
ters and    so   the   fun  continued.      Their  games  were   ^oosevelt's 
games.      He   romped  and    played  with   tnem  regardless  whether   it  was 
at   iiagamore    (ill    or   in  the   White   House.      Children  always  appre- 
ciated having  niiri  in  their  crowd   as   is   seen  in  a  letter  written 
by  Uoosevelt,    to    the  parents   of  two    visiting  boys,    "I   am  really 
touched   the  way  in  which   your   children  as  well   as  my  own  treat 
mer-   ai  a  playmate   and   friend.      It  has  a  comic   side.      Thus   the 
last  day  the  boys  were  here    they  were   all  bent  upon  having  me 
take   them  for  a    scramble  down   nock  Creek.      Of  course,    there  was 
absolutely  no  reason  why  they   should  not  go   alone,    but    they 
obviously  felt   that   my  presence  was  needed   to  give    zest   to   the 
entertainment I   do   not   think   that   one   of   tftem  saw   any- 
thing incongruous  in  the  President's  getting  as  bedaubed  with 
mud   as   they  got,    or   in  my  wiggling  and   clambering  around   jutting 
rocks,    thru  creeks,    and  up  what  were  really  small   cliff  faces, 


-47- 


jU8t  like   the  rest  of  them;    and  when    any       one  of  them  beat  me 
at   any  point  he  felt  and   expressed   simple   and  whole-hearted  de- 
light,   exactly  as  if  it  had  been  a  triumph  over  a  rival   of  his 

1 
own  age " . 

Whenever  itoosevelt  was  separated  from  his  children  he  sent 
then  messages  of  love  and  sympathy.   hen  they  were  too  young 
to  read  they  received  picture  letters  which  they  enjoyed  greatly. 
D  writing  his  children  he  addressed  tham  as  equals;  when  small 
he  wrote  them  as  playmates  and  the  letters  were  especially  adapt- 
ed to  their  childish  imaginations  and  intelligence.   As  they 
grew  older  he  wrote  on  the  basis  of  equality—  as  a  sympathetic 
and  keenly  interested  companion.   These  letters  were  so  full  of 
helpful  suggestions  and  advice  given  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  es- 
pecially useful  to  youths  of  all  ranks.   Joseph  .bishop  collected 
and  published  a  volume  of  "Letters  to  His  Children- .   They  are 
now  accessible  to  the  American  youth  and  are  valuable  guides  for 
all  ages,   noosevelt  was  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  work  of 

r«  Bishop  for  he  said,  "I  would  rather  nave  this  book  published 

2 
than  anything  that  has  been  written  about  me 2    The  attitude 

he  took  toward  the  death  of  his  youngest  son,   uentin,  in  the 

late  war,  furnished  another  example  of  his  gentleness.   It  was 


1.  Letters  to  lis  Children,  p.  112. 

2.  "         "     ■      -   10. 


-4  8- 


a  blow  to  him  and  he  would,   had   it  been   possible,   hare   given  his 
own  life   to   save    that  of  his   son.      He  gave    the  best  he  had   to 
the   call   of   threatened   civilization. 

Lawrence      Abuot   cays,    "lioosevelt ♦s  personality  was   an  un- 
surpassed  combination  of  the  unterrified   fighter  of  what  he   be- 
lieved  to  be  worst,    and   the    tender  hearted   lover   of  what  he 

believed    to  be   the  best  in  mankind 
Other  impressions. 

whether  he   loved    or  hated,    talked    or 

1 
read,    worked  or  played  he  did   it  with   zest   and   eagerness." 

Many  writers  agree   that   Koosevelt's  personality  was  his  great- 
est contribution  to  his  country  and'hi<s   time.      Personality   is 
a  concept  which    is  easy   to   perceive  but  hard    to   define.    Per- 
haps  Percival   Lowell  has  given  one  of  the  best  definitions,    "A- 
bout   certain  people   there   exists  a   subtile    something  which 
leaves  its  impress  indelibly  upon   lite  conscience  of  all  who 
enme   in   contact  with   them.      This   something   is  a  power   of    so 
indefinaole  description   that  we  beg  definition  by  calling  it 
simply  the  personality  of   the  man.      It   is  not  a  matter   of   sub- 
sequent reasoning,   but   of  derect   perception  wc   feel   it. 
Sometimes  it  charms  us;    sometimes  it  repels.      But  we   can  no 
more  be  oblivious   to   it   than  we   can  to    the   temperature   of    the 
air.      Its  possessor  has  but   to   enter   the  room  and  insensibly 

1.      Abbott      Impressions  of   nooeevelt.    p.    311. 


■u\ 


-49- 


we  are  conscious  of  a  presence.   It  is  as  if  we  had  suddenly 

been  placed  in  the  field  of  a  magnetic  force".   Hoosevelt  was 

neither  aloof  nor  austere.   Among  statesmen  he  was  greeted  as 

a  statesman;  among  warriors  as  a  warrior;  among  preachers  as 

a  practical  reformer;  among  scholars  as  an  essayist,  biographer 

nn i  historian;  among  scientists  as  a  discoverer;  among  pioneers 

and  foresters  as  a  naturalist;  among  sovereigns  as  a  royal 

1 
person;  and  among  average  men  as  a  fellow  citizen.    Koosevelt  •  s 

whole  life  is  lilce  an  open  book.   It  is  known  publicaliy  and 

privately. 


1.   Cf.  Abbott,  L.  Impressions  of  hoosevelt.  p. 266 


-50- 


CHAPTEK   II. 

Theodore   hooeevelt   ae   an  Active   Citizen. 

Roosevelt   took   a  broad  Tiew  of  the   fundamental    princi- 
ples  of  democracy.      As  a  private   citizen   and  as   a  public    servant 
he   earnestly   endeavored   to    promote   these   principles   as  much  as 
possible.     His  plan  was   to  level  up  and  not   to    level    down. 
ftieh  and  poor,    black   and  white   forced  a  common   brotherhood". 
The  low  and  depressed  must   be  brought  up  to   a  realization  of 

vrhat   citizenship  means.      !iis  guiding  prin- 
His  attitude. 

ciple  was    that   the   soul   of   the  republic 

stands  as  a  challenge   to   all  unequal   opportunity   to   participate 

in  all   the  avenues  oi    industry,    moral   protection  and   enjoyment 

of   education  and    cultuie.      He   considered    political    ideals   and 

T»rincir>les,    like   political    organizations,    instruments  not   ends. 

The   end   he   recognized  was   the  welfare   of  all    the  people. 

His  leadership   shows   that   his  great  aim  in  life  was   to 

be  of   service.      Just  how  did  not  matter  much,    so  long   as  he 

accomplished   something   for   the   good  of   the   people.       lis  whole 

life  was  regulated  by  a   simple   and    sincere  desire    to  make  his 

fellow  men  hapr>ier.      He  was   ever   ready  to   help   the  man  who  was 


-51- 

down.      After  he  Jnd  helped  him   to   get  upon  his  feet   again  lie 

encouraged  him   to  go  on  by  nimselt".      ile   considered 
Service  . 

that  to  he  a  brother's  keeper   requires   service 

and    that   the  greater  number   the    service   reaches   the  more  univer- 
sal will  be    the   ties  of  brotherhood. 

Jioosevelt  had   no   patience  with    the   Old  Jacksonian   theory 
of   service   and   expressed  himself  very   strongly  when  he   said: 
%>o   republic   can  permanently  endure  when  its  politics  are   corrupt 
and  base;    such  as  exists  when  we  have    the  application  in  polit- 
ical  life   of  the   degrading  doctrine   that   to   the   victor  belongs 

1 
the   spoils".  To  him  the  only  kind  of  true  democracy  is   that 

in  which  every  man  is  on  his  own  merits;   what  he   is,    not  what 
he  has,    what  he   can  do,    not  what   a  pull   can  do   for  him.      He 
determined   that    the  fellow  who  had   no  pull  would   stand  equal 
chance  with  his  rival  who  had   a  pull,    that    the  working  man 
would   coimete  with   the  man  of   social  preetige.      He  manifested 
this  principle  in  his  work   as  a  member  of   the    Civil   Service 
Commission.     He  worked  with   the   one   idea,    devotion   to    the  public 
welfare.      He   sought  to   extend    the   classified   service   just   as 
rapidly  as  possible   and    to    see   that   the  law  was  administered 
thoroughly  and    squarely.      The    system  of  competitive   examinations 

1.        Addresses  and   state   Papers,    p.   177. 


-52- 


wae   strengthened  by  the   three  principles  which   the   Commission 
adhered   to.      tfirst,    publicity,    they  not  only  advertised   the 
holding  of  examinations  but  also   published   the   names  of  the 
successful    candidates.      The   inspection  of   the   records  in  the 
office  was  open  to   all  who  had   proper  reason  for   investigating, 
second, absolute   political   impartiality.      The   Commission  took 
special   care  to   emphasize   that   the   appointees  would  be   selected 
from  those  who  passed   the  highest   in  the  examinations  and   that 
political   influence  would  play  no   part.      Third,    the   Commission 
maintained  a  high   standard  ol   fairness   in  making   investigations, 
vtoosevelt  preferred  a  personal   investigation  whenever  possible 
tor  he   said   he      could  get  more   information  by  a  few  minutes   talk 
with  a   clerk  who  had  charge   of  the  businese  under  investigation 
than  by  a   fortnight  of   formal   correspondence  with   the  head  of 
the   department. 

Koosevelt  was  a   firm  believer   in  competitive   examina- 
tions  for  selecting  men  but  he  did   not  believe   it  came   first 
in  promoting  men.      "The  reason",   he   s^id,*for  written  compet- 
itive  entrance   examinations   is   that  it   is  impossible  for  the 
head  of  the   office,    or   the   candidate's  prospective  immediate 
superior  himself   to  know   the   average  candidate   or  to   test  his 
ability.      Bat  when  once   in  the  of t ice,    the   best  way  is  by 


-53- 


experience   in  seeing  him  actually  at  work,      ais  promotion 

1 
should  depend  ur>on  the  judgment   formed  of  him  by  supervi  sore" . 

President   Cleveland's  letter  to   Koosevelt 
Merit  system. 

regretfully  accepting  his  resignation  shows 

his  appreciation  of  his  service  on  the  Civil   Service   Comiaission. 
"You  are   certainly  to  be  congratulated  upon  the  extent  and  per- 
manence of  civil   service  reform  methods  which  you  have    substan- 
cially  aided  in  bringing  about.      The   struggle  for  the   firm  estab. 
liahment   and   recognition  is  past.      Its  faithful   application  and 

reasonable   expansion  remains  a   subject  of  deep  interest   to   all 

2 
who  really  desire   the  best  attainable  public   service". 

The  work  which  iioosevelt  helped   to   accomplish   ic   summed 
up  in  a   public   statement  made  by  himself   nfter  he  left   the   Com- 
mission.     "People   sometimes  grow  a  little  downhearted   about   the 
reform.      tfhen   they  feel   in  thie  mood  it  would  be  well   for  them 
to  reflect   on  what  has  been  actually  gained   in  the  past    six 
years.      By  the   inclusion  of  the  railway  mail    service;    the   free 
delivery  ofiices,    the   Indian  school    service,    the   internal   rev- 
enue  service,    the  other  less  important   branches,    the   extent  of 
the  public    service  which  is  under  the  protection  of  the  law 
has  been  more   than  doubled,    and    there  are  now   nearly  fifty 


1.      Quoted    from  Levis'   Life  of  hoosevelt,    Chap.    VI,    p.   88. 
V. .      Quoted   from  Kii  a,    J.,    Hoo6evelt,    the   Citizen. 


-54- 


th  ou  sand   employees  of   the   federal   government  who  have  been 

withdrawn   from  the  degrading  influence   that  rulea  under   the 

1 
sooils  system".      Koosevelt  found   14.000  places  under  civil    ser- 
vice when  he  became   commissioner,    when  he  left  the  ofiice   there 
were  40,000.        His  interest   in  the  merit   system  did  not  end 
when  he  was  no  longer   commissioner.      &ix  years  later  when  he 
be  cam*  President,   his   firrct  message   to    Congress  urged   the   exten- 
sion fr*f  the  merit   system   to   the   insular  possessions,    and   in   the 
second  message   h«  urge;  that  it  also   should  be  extended   to   the 
District   of  Columbia.      During  his  administration   the   number  of 
classified  positions   subject   to   competitive  examinations  grew 
from  110,000   in  1901    to   206,000    in  1908. 

Koosevelt  went  outside  his  party  lines   to   look   for  men 
whom  he   considered  most  caoable   for   service.      He  had  been  in  of- 
fice little  more  than  a  month  when  he  appointed  Thomas   tf.   Jones 
t^   the      nited    btates  District  Judgeship  in  Alabama  and    ^eorge 
S.  i'oester   as   Collector  of  Internal   Iievenue   in  i>outh   Carolina. 

3oth  were  democrits  who  were   of  good 
Service  on  merit. 

standing  and  reputation  in  their  re- 
spective corrminities.      iot  only  did  he   try   to   appoint  good   and 
honest  men  to  office,   but  he  was  Just   as   anxious   to   put   incom- 
petent men   oat  of  office.      *hen  he  became   aware    that   there  was 

1.      quoted   from  Lewis,    W.,    Life  of  hoosevelt,    Chap.   VI.   p.   95. 


-55- 


fraud  in  the  Post  office  Department  he  directed  the  fourth  as- 
sistant Fost  faster  General  who  uas  qualified  to  investigate  the 
matter,  to  look  into  the  postal  affairs.   He  also  appointed  as- 
sistants, one  of  whom  was  a  democrat  because  he  would  be  ready 
to  find  Republican  wrong  doings.   The  investigation  resulted  in 
cleaning  the  Post  Oxfice  of  inadequate  service.   Roosevelt  was 
willing  to  punish  the  rogues  regardless  of  their  party.   He  was  anx- 
ious to  hunt  for  them  impartially.   Through  manifesting  thi a 
kind  of  attitude  by  extending  his  influence  and  example,  service 
in  political  office  came  to  be  regarded  from  a  new  point  of  view. 
aviously  i  man  in  public  office  was  looked  upon  with  suspicion. 
He  did,  perhops,  more  than  any  other  American  to  modify  that  at- 
titude toward  politics  for  at  the  close  of  ais  administration 
people  began  to  look  upon  the  holder  of  a  public  office  with 
respect. 

uoosevelt  stood  for  broad  Americanism,  the  kind  which  cares 
nothing  for  color  or  creed,  or  whether  a  man  is  from  the  Korth, 
wouth,  Bast  or   'West.  He  admired  Booker  T.  Washing  tan,  the  van 
who  strove  all  his  life  to  bring  his  rice  to  a  realization  of 
wnat  citizenship  really  means.   He  enraged  many  of  tne  people 
ot  the  6outh  by  inviting  Mr.  Washington  tc  lunch  at  the  White 
House  so  that  he  could  consult  with  him  on  a  matter  of  mutual 
interest.  When  criticism  was  brought  against  the  President  he 


-5o- 


replied:    "I   can  not   consent   to   take   the   position  that   the  door 

of  hope-     the  door  of   oonortunity  is   to   be    shut   on  any  man  no 

1 
mtter  how  worthy,    purely  on  the  grounds  of  race  or  color'. 

lie   recognized    the   colored  race   in  the  matter  of  appointments. 

He  named   *s   collector  of  nevenue   tt    the   lost  of   Charleston, 

South   "arolina,   William  D.   Crun,    an   educated    colored  man  of 

excellent   standing  and   character.      His  policy   throughout  his 

irlntration  was   to   consider   the   character   and  the   capacity 

of   the  man,    net  whether  he  was  "black   or  white,      rioosevelt   stood 

for  en  equal   chance   for  »11  who  were   ready    to  use   it   not  only, 

for  their  own  but  also    for  the 
Equality  of  opportunity 

country's  good.      It  wai.;  while  he 

was  President    that  a  man  was  dismissed   from  the    Government 
Printing  Office  because  he  did  not  belong   to   a  labor  union, 
iioosevelt  ap proved  of  labor  unions  but  he  had    the  man  rein- 
stated,   because  he   refused   to  bar  opportunity  to    *ny  man  because 

was  he  was  non-union  any  more   than  if  he  were   of  a  different 
race.      He   sought    to    secure   an  equal  opportunity  for  every  citizen. 

Roosevelt  believed    that   the   powerful   corporations  were 
meddling  with   politics  for   their  own   selfish  benefit.      He  ap- 
proved of  corporations   for  he  believed    in  doing  business  on  a 

1.         quoted   from  Korgan,    J.,    Hoosevelt,    Boy  and   Van, p.  184. 


-57- 


gigantic    scale,    but  he  believed  in  them  operating  honestly*    and 

subject   to    governmental   regulation.      .Roosevelt  was    criticised 

for  his  approval    of  corporations  for, to    some, it   seemed   tftat  he 

was   substituting  regulation  for   competition.      Herbert   Siuick    said: 

"The   Colonel    is  definitely   in  favor   of  abandoning   the   efiort    to 

keep  up  competition  in   the   industrial 
His  attitude   toward 
corporations.  field.      His   policy   seems   to   accept 

1 
monopoly  as  normal,    and    to    regulate   it2        But    ;-x>  o  eev  el  t  *  s  ef- 
forts were   toward   making   the   corporations   servants  of   society. 
iJize  was  not   to  be  considered,    rather  the    spirit,    aims,    and 
accomplishments.      Because  of  certain  harmful    practices  he  made 
successful    attacks  upon   the    standard    Oil   Company  and    a    fine   of 
'29,000,000  was  obtained    against   this    company.      The    Sugar   Trust 
w*s  also   prosecuted   for  violations  of   the  law. 

rie  realized  that  the  corporations  were  despotic  in  pre- 
scribing the  conditions  under  which  men  and  women  had  to  earn 
a  living   as  well  as   the   price  of  labor.      In  order    to   remedy 

this   the    p'ederal    Department  of   Commerce  and  Labor  was  organised. 

of 
This  department  has   for  its  object    the    adjustment A such  problems 

as  concern  matters   arising  between  employer   and   employee   and  mat- 
ters of  commerce,      itoosevelt  believed   that    the  workers   and   toil- 
ers  should   not  only  have  a  proper   ahare  of   the   profitt   of  industry 

1.      Quick,    H."why  I   prefer   Wilson  to   itooeevelt.    Am.  li.    74   Jbi." 


-58- 


but  also    some  voice   in  the  management  of   the   industry;    that   tney 
be  allowed    to  heln  determine   and   regulate  conditions  under  y/nich 
they  work.      He    strore   to   establish  industrial   democracy   in  which 
men  shall   have   equal   rights  under  the  law  and   in  which   there 
shall  be  no      special    interest   exempt  from  the   operations  of  the 
law. 

Roosevelt   took   an  active   part  in  developing   the   natural 
resources   of   the   country.      He  may  be   given   the   credit   of  launch- 
ing and   putting  into   operation  the  conservation  movement,    a  move- 
ment which   is   of  great   importance    to    the  material   welfare   of   the 
present   and   future  generations.      He  believed    that   the   incentive 
of  private  profit  and   of  brave   and  virile  pioneering  axe   important 
factors   in  developing  American  citizenship;   but  at   tne    same   time 
he  believed   that  this   should  be   directed  not   by   the  individual 
only,   but  by  the  common  and  united   efiort  of  all   the  people. 

He   saw  that   tne  individual   w^s   not   strong 
Kf forts  toward 

rlcllmatiJnn*qnd  enough  to   cope  with  the  monopolizing  power 

of  modern  industrialism  whicn  had  behind   it  vast  masses  of  cap- 
ital  and  had   for   its  goal  more  wealth.      Therefore  he   insisted 
that   the  use  of  primary   sources  of  wealth  must  be  controlled 
by  public  authority  whenever   constitutionally  possible.     He 
w^n  f-'miliar  with   conditions  and  understood  the   necessity  of  ■ 


-59- 


action  on  the   part  of  the   governement.      He  was   thoroughly  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  views  of  Gifford  Pinchot,    the  founder  of   the 
United   states  Forest  lie  serve,    and   P.  H.   flewell,    the   founder  of 
the   I  nited   otates  reclamation  Lieivice.      In  consultation  with 
these   two  men,    Roosevelt  presented   the   subject   to   Congress  in 
his   first  message  Dec.   1901.      In  June  1902   the  reclamation  Act 
became  a  law.      During  his  administration  many   acres  of  arid 
public  land  were  reclaimed.      American  citizens  built  homes  on 
the  be  lands  and   new  villages  and   town  have   come   into   existence. 
Thru  Roosevelt's  influence    two   laws  were   passed      for  the 
conservation  of  forests.      He   saw   tnat   our  resources   of   timber 
were  being  destroyed  at  a  very  rapid  rate   and  unless   steps  were 
take    tiis  nation  would  very   soon  be  without   forests  for  lumber 
and   for  conservation  of  water    supplies.      Vast  regions  of  our 
'flountiin   systems  hare   been  reserved  for  future  use.      He  made 
it  possiole  for   the   resources  of  the  forests  to  be  opened  up 
to   the  people   ao    that   they  can  be  made  use  of  more   than  before. 
The  national  forests  are  now  managed   for   the   public  good. 
The   Forest  Homestead    Act  which  became   a  law  in  1906,    opened  up 
every   tract  on  the   national    forest  reserves   suitable   for  ag- 
riculture  for  homes   of  the   citizens  of  the   country.      battlers 
near   the  national   forests  can  now  enjoy  the  free  gift   of  grazing 


>cO- 


and   timber  privileges   to    the   extent  of  their  domestic   needs. 
The    Jtoreot  hangere  are  ever  ready  with  helpful    suggestions  to 
travelers   seeding  health  and   pleasure. 

Coal  lands  were  toeing  gotooled  up  rapidly  toy  combinations 
and  trusts.      Roosevelt  caused  action  to  be   taken  against   these 
comtoinations   that  had  obtained   coal   lands  illegally.    This  did 
not   polve   the  problem   so  he  went   a  step  further   and  withdrew 
from  coal   entry  many  million  aca-es   of  coal   lands  on  the   public 
domain.      He   took  the   same   action  concerning  oil   lands  and  water 
rower  sites.     He  asked  Congress   to   pass  an  act  for  leasing 
large    areas   to  mining  companies,    but   Congress  adjourned   without 
passing  the  bill.      He   then  asked   tne    ideological    .,urvey    to  value 
the   land.     f?hcn  a  fair  price  was   set   per  acre   for  different   sec- 
tions    h«      repealed   the  withdrawal   for  certain  areas   ^nd    the   land 
was   turned  back  to   entry.      Bjf  this  means  legitimate  mining  en- 
terprises rere   carried  on. 

The  public   owes   to   hoosevelt   the   conservation  of  water 
power.      The  big  water  power  corporations  wanted    to  buy   exclusive 
and   continuous  ownership  of  tooth   the  mountain   snows  and    the 
springs;   as  well   as   the    slopes  over  which   the  water  runs.      Under 
the  law   the   government  hao  the  right   to   grant   only  revocatole 
permits.      The    itorest    service  drafted   legislation  to  authorize 


-61 


fifty  year  leases  on  conditions  agreed  upon  with   the  leasees. 
The  service  fixed  a   small  rental   charge  on  each  permit  issued. 
The   corporations  put  up   such  a  bitter  fight   that   the    forest 
,,ervice   policy  would  probably  have  been  swept  away  if   it  had   not 
been  for  hoosevelt.      The   true    situation  was  brought  out   in  his 
message   transmitting  the  report   of  the   Inland   Waterway  Commis- 
sion.     As  a   result  leasing  was   continued  under  permits.      Devel- 
opment has  been  greatest   in  the  mountains  and   the   Pacific   states. 
He  appointed  a  National    "Jonservation   Comni  scion  *rhich  made  an 
inventory  of  our  national   wealth.      This  was   published   in  1909 
•m-i   was    the   first  record    of  our  national   wealth   in  the  history 
of  the  nation.      It  created  world  wide  attention. 

fcoosevelt   contributed  much   to    the   common  welfare   of   the 
nation   •and    the  world  by  the   inaugurating  -?.nd   fostering   the   con- 
servation movement.     F,ven  Canada  owes  har  conservation  movement 
to  hoosevelt   for   the  movement  had    its  birth   in  the    J orth    Ameri- 
can Conference  which  was   called   and   held    in  his  administration. 
This  movement   is   of   the   highest    importance   because   it   places 
our  natural   resources   ^t   the   service   of  all    the   people. 

The  most  priceless  resource  of  a  nation  is  its  men  and 
women.  It  is  the  work  of  a  cSersocracy  to  develop  this  resource 
as  highly  as   poseible.      One  form  of  development   is   tnat   of  civic 


-62- 


rignteousness.      He  used  his  keen  and  accurate   perception  to 

arouse   the   conscience  of  human  nature   to    something  tetter.      He 

rendered   a  great   service   by  presenting   in  new  language   the   old 

familiar  virtues.      He   inspired   new   interest   into    the    ideals 

which  have  been,    and   are    still,    guides   to    the  .goal  of  democracy, 

He   taught   the   need  of  pure   politics,    pure   business  methods,    and 

pure   living,      uoosevelt,    like  Lincoln,    was  devoted   to   ethical 

teachings  which  he  lived   as  well   as   taught.      He   paved   the  way 

for  cleaner  and   healthier  public   life  by  living,    both   in  public 

and   in  private   life,   what  he   stood   for. 

Roosevelt  believed   that   the    church 
Civic  righteousness. 

should   exert   a  great   influence  upon 

civic   righteousness.       heer?    i    j     ;  "Our   American   statesman  of 

course,   wib  firmly  in  favor  of  separation  of    church  and    atote 

of 
and  ^universal    tolerance.      But  he   advises    every  one    to  join  the 
eorr.e    church, 
church,   any  old   ciurch;    not   because  one    shares  its   beliefs, 

creeds  are   increasing  unimportant   -  but  because   the    church   is 

an  instrument   of    social   welfare,    and   a  man  can  do  more  good  in 

1 
combination  with  his  fellows   than  when  he    stands  alone." 

Roosevelt  helped   to   bring   standards  of  morality  in  the 

political   world  upward.      After  1904  he  made  use   of   the   "Big 

Stick"    to   improve   political  morality,   but  his  efiorts  were   not 


1.     Beers,    A.   Roosevelt  as  Man  of  Letters,    Yale  Re's.   8: 
694-709  jl   19. 


-63- 


always  consistent.      He  was   such   a  man  of  action  that  it    seemed 
at   times  his   motion  out    ran  his  better  judgment   and    that  he   al- 
most  sympathized  with  imperialism.      But  he  always  aimed  his 
Big  Stick  for   the  public   good.      While  many  of  his   solutions      of 
public  problems  were  questioned   no   one  who   is  fair-minded   can 
say  he  did   not  play  a  full  man's   share   in  American  life. 
President  Harding   says,    "Perhaps  his  greatest  worth   apart   from 
hi 8  appealing   Americanism,    and   yet  a  vital   part   of  it,   was  his 
crusade   for  a  new  order  of  things,    a   new  conscience   in  the   re- 
public.      We  can  appraise  him  now   in  the  aftermath  of  fuller 
understanding,    and   even   those  who  most  violently  opposed  him 
must  confess  his  treat   part   in  an  essential    awakening.      He   did 
four  years  of  arousing  and  uprooting.      His  far-seeing  vision 
detected   a  dangerous  draft.      .Ie   cried  out   for  governmental    asser- 
tions of  authority,    lest   government   itself    should  be   governed. 
In  his   zest  he  was  radical,    as   all   crusaders  are,    but  when  he 
saw   the  business  conscience   of  America   awakened,    he   gladly  wel- 
comed  constructive   supersedure. 

He  was  really  less  the  radical    than  he   ofttimes  appeared, 
an*    fl-vn*   times   suoke   radically  against  his  own  judgment.      The 
greatest   blunder  of  his  career  was  made   in  this  very   Chamber 
when  he  addressed   the   Constitutional    Convention  in  1912.      He 


-04- 


came  against  his  own  judgment  and  in  yielding  to  insistent  ad- 
vice declared  for  the  recall  of  judicial  decisions.   It  is  not 
surprising  that  one  of  his  energy  and  courage  should  blunder, 
particularly  in  a  period  of  tremendous  conflict  and  crusading 
zeal.   It  was  a  mark  of  his  greatness  that  he  instantly  recov- 
ered, and  lost  little  of  his  hold  and  none  of  nis  respect  of 
the  American  people.   He  incurred  violent  enmities  but  none  ever 
called  hisi  an  unfair  opponent.   He  struck  as  he  spoke,  straight 
from  the  shoulder,  and  he  practiced  as  he  preached.   In  his  vir- 
ile American  manhood  he  was  the  surpassing  example.   In  the 
fullness  oi  mental  and  physical  vigor,  he  was  the  great  patriot- 
ic sentinel,  pacing  the  parapet  of  the  Republic,  alert  to  danger 

1 
and  every  menace  and  in  love  with  duty  and  serene  and  unafraid*  1 

In  1898  Hoosevelt  was  tendered  the  nomination  of  Governor 
by  the  Citizen  Union  Party  of  l<.ew  York,  but  he  declined  it  and 
accepted  the  Republican  nomination  because  he  believed  he  could 

have  a  better  chance  to  do  good  by  cleaning  up  the  Republican 

2 

Party     as  an   organization.      There  were   things  within  the   repub- 
lican    party  which   Roosevelt  did   not   ap- 

Party  loyalty.  prove  but  he    sank  minor  differences  be- 

cause he  was  a  Republican  by  inheritance 

and  by  association  and   had   cast  his  lot  with   that  party.      He 

T~.     Harding's   Address   to    Ohio   Legislature,    Jan.    29,    1919. 

2.      Gf.   Lewis,    #.   Life   of  Theodore  Roosevelt,    Chap.   X,    p. 149. 


-6«- 


felt  it   to  be  his  duty   to  be   loyal    to   its  principles  by  purify- 
ing it   of  corruption  and  maintain  its  organization. 

His  action  in  creating   the   new  party  in  1912  was   incon- 
sistent with  his   teaching.      This  may  be  partially  understood  when 
we  remember  he  was  very  impulsive,    impatient  with  delays  and 
an*   ew^er   to   champion  what  he  believed   to  be   the   cause   of  right. 
The  keynote    to   his  object   in  forming   the   progressive   party  may 
be  found   in  his   statement,    "If  we   form  a   third   party   and   go   out 
and   fight   for  better   social   conditions  in   this   country  we  will 

accomDlish  more   in   three  months   than  could  be   accomplished  under 

1 
ordinary  conditions   in  a  dozen  years!!      He   desired   to   be   President 

in  1912  because  of   certain  abuses      that  were  going  on  at   that 
time.      He  became  a   candidate  for   nomination   in  the  .republican 
Convention  at    Chicago.      He   believedthat  he   was  unjustly  denied 
the  nomination  by   this   convention.      Feeling   the    sting  of   this 
injustice   and   urged   on  by  hosts   of  influential    citizens   to   head 
a  new  party  for  reform,    he   decided   to  become   the   nominee   of  a 
new  party   in  order  that  he  might  have   a   chance    to    correct   the 
abuses  of  politics.      It  may   be    siid   that  his  loyalty  to   prin- 
ciples  of  good  governemnt   stood   above  loyalty   to   a  pelitical   par- 
ty whose   abuses  he   could  not  correct. 

Regardless  of   the  blunders  he  may  have  made   there   never 


1.        quoted   from  Lewis,    W.,    Life   or   Theodore    noosevelt, Chap.    XIV, 
p.,    369. 


-co- 


was  a  greater  patriot.      It  has  been   s^id   that  his  whole  life 

was  an  expression  of   "Jubilant  Americanism".      His  love   for  his 

country  wss  intense.      He  knew  his  country's  history  as  few  men 

knew   it.      He  was   intensely  acquainted  with 
Patriotism. 

the   conditions   involving  the  life,    the  outlook, 

and   the   aspirations  of   so  many  classes  of  people.      President 
Harding   says,    "A  100. per  cent  Americanism  was   the  mastering  pas- 
sion.     Men   thought  of  him  first  as  a  warrior,    but   it  was  his 
all-encompassing   Americanism  which  made  him  one.      Historians  rank 
him  high  as  a   statesman;    It  was  his  Americanism  that  exalted  him. 
L'any  believe  him  to  have  become  a  consummate   politician-   and  he 

wo a_  but  he   r>ut  his  Americanism  high  above   political   plans  and 

1 
practices." 

:Iis  last  great  message  to  the  American  people  was  con- 
cerning loyalty.   He  was  unable  to  attend  the  meeting  of  the 
American  Defense  Society,  of  which  he  was  honorary  president, 
so  he  sent  a  letter  which  closed  with  the  words  which  express 

hi 8  life  creed.   "We  have  room  for  but  one  soul  loyalty  and  that 

2 
is  loyalty  to  the  American  people." 

Loyalty  to  country  implies  loyalty  to  duty  and  he  who  is 

not  loyal  t6  duty  is  really  not  loyal  to  his  country  in  the 

true  sense.   Koosevelt  did  not  try  to  shirk  or  dodge  any 


1.  Harding  Address  to  Ohio  Legislature,  June  29,  1919. 

2.  quoted  from  Lewis.  W., Life  of  Roosevelt,  p.  471. 


-67- 


responsibility  and  that  was  one  regain  why  he  could  do  so  much 

in  a  life  time.   Lyman  Abbott  said  of  him,  "During  nearly  nine 

year  a  of  his  executive  life  as  Governor  of  .New  York  fctate  and 

President  of  the  United  States  he  was  courageous  in  fulfilling 

all  the  responsibilities  laid  upon  him  by 
responsibility. 

the  Constitution  and  the  laws,  he  has 

been  scrupulous  in  not  assuming  responsibilities  which  were 

1 
not  laid  upon  him"   Hoosevelt  believed  in  centralized  government 

and  he  endeavored  to  arouse  i   sense  of  civic  responsibility  in 
the  great  mass  of  the  people.   He  contributed  much  along  this 
line  by  sending  messages  that  were  technically  addressed  to 
Congress  but  were  really  addressed  to  the  whole  country.   Ef- 
fective government  comes  by  each  citizen  feeling  his  responsi- 
bility and  doing  his  share  of  the  work. 

Hoosevelt  was  born  to  wealth  and  position  in  the  City 
of  Lew  York,  and  was  educated  in  one  our  famous  universities. 
He  could  have  chosen  a  life  of  ease  but  he  preferred  the  stren- 
uous life.   Few  youths  born  to  wealth  ever  gain  an  important 
place  in  the  history  of  our  democracy.   As  a  rule  the  men 
who  achieve  the  highest  places  come  from  the  country  where 
the  d^ily  struggle  with  nature  for  a  livelihood  breeds  into 
them  the  stern  virtues  of  greatness  and  mwakens  a  realization 

T".      Outlook,  102.  p.  101. 


.6o. 


of  their  relation   to    national   governemnt,    and   the   duty   they  owe 

to   it.      "Almost   all   our  great   Presidents  have   been  brought  up 

in  the   country,    and  most  of   them  worked   hard   on  farms   in  their 

youth  and  got   their  early  mental    training   in   the  healthy  democ 

1 
racy  of   farm  life.*      woosevelt  was  the    first   city  born  boy   to 

reach   the   presidency.      He   sought   places  where   he   could   assume 

responsibility,   work,    fight   and   learn.      He  was  all   the   time 

working  at    something  worth  doing  and   trying 
Initiative. 

to   do   it  well  whether  it  was  writing   books, 

cowpuncrxing,    hunting  mountain  lions   or   spoilsmen,    or  performing 

his  duty  as  an   executive. 

Giflord  Pinchot,  a  long  and  intimate  friend  of  Hoosevelt 
s«ys:  "President  Roosevelt's  remarkable  power  as  an  executive, 
rested,    as  I  knew  him   principally     upon   the   following  qualities: 

"First  and  most   of  all,   his  natural    tendence  was   to  act. 
He  understood   that  while   action  may   sometimes  be  wrong,    the   fail, 
ure    to   act  is  almost   always   so.      He  was  painstakingly  careful 
in  reaching  conclusions   on  matters   of  great  moment,    but  once  the 
conclusion  was   reached   action  followed   instantly.      This  was  so 
true   that   it  was   never    safe    to   go    to  him  with  any  plan  that  was 
not   fully  worked   out  and   ready   for  action. 

1.      At  Bangor,    Maine,    Aug.    27,    1902. 


-6  9- 


"Roosevelt  trusted  his  men  and  gave  them  their  head.   He 
knew,  as  every  great  executive  must,  that  he  could  not  do  all 
himself.   He  wanted  us,  each  within  our  sphere  to  act  as  vigor- 
ously as  he  did  himself.   Once  he  had  come  to  have  confidence 
in  the  wisdom  and  honesty  of  an  adviser,  he  adopted  recommenda- 
tions almost  as  a  matter  of  course.   The  result  was  that  tne  men 
working  under  him  were  not  only  confident  in  his  support,  but 
had  a  feeling  of  pride  and  proprietorship  in  their  work  which 
doubled  their  efficiency.   Red  tape  had  no  place  in  his  scheme 
of  life.   He  wanted  things  done,  done  in  accordance  with  rules 
if  possible-  but  in  any  event  done.   I  remember    his  sending 
for  an  official  who  had  reported  that  a  certain  thing  could  not 
be  done,  to  say  if  the  ofiicial  in  question  could  not  see  his 
way  to  do  it,  he,  the  President,  would  get  somebody  in  his 
place  who  could,   where  red  tape  conflicted  witn  getting  things 
done,  it  was  always  the  red  tape  tnat  had  to  sufier.   tfith  him 
machinery  nevei took  the  place  of  the  end  for  which  the  machin- 
ery had  been  created.   Koosevelt  had  an  unequaled  capacity  for 
inspiring  the  men  who  worked  under  him.   During  his  administra- 
tion thousands  of  clerks  in  ashington  who  had  never  spoken  to 
him  or  shaken  his  hand  were  filled  with  the  spirit  of  his  great 
personality,  saw  the  vision  of  larger  things  to  be  accomplished 


-70. 


thru  the  medium  of  their  minor  tasks,  and  gave  the  best  that  was 
in  them  instead  of  watching  the  clock. 

"Promotion  was  for  merit  in  Roosevelt' s  time.   As  former 
Civil  service  Commissioner  he  understood  that  it  is  no  more  im- 
portant to  keep  the  faithful  civil  servant  in  office  than  to 
get  rid  of  the  unfit.   The  sin  of  the  delinquent  was  sure  to  find 
him  out  and  no  amount  of  political  influence  could  keep  the  un- 
fit in  ofiice,  prevent  the  recognition  of  the  efiicient  or  defer 
the  punishment  of  the  guilty.  Under  him,  the  chiefs  in  the  de- 
partment were  free  from  political  control.   During  my  twelve 
years  of  oil  ice  there  were  never  to  my  knowledge  a  single  case 
of  appointing,  promoting,  dismissing,  or  retaining  any  one  in 
the  United  utates  Forest  service  for  political  reasons. 

"Roosevelt  not  only  appointed  men  of  merit  and  gave  them 
a  chance  to  do  their  work,  but  when  their  work  clashed  with 
private  interests  he  stood  firmly  behind  them  against  political 
and  financial  pressure  of  every  kind  without  his  .  backing  they 
would  have  been  helpless  or  would  have  been  forced  out. 

"Roosevelt  led  his  men.   He  asked  nothing  of  us  that 
he  was  not  ready  to  do  himself.   He  was  his  own  severest  task- 
master, and  expected  of  himself  and  actual Ly  accomplished  more 
work  than  any  of  us. 


-71- 


"Ttnally,  he  was  always  more  than  generous  in  acknowledging 

help  or  good  work,  not  seldon  to  the  point  of  attributing 

to   the  other   the  credit  for  things  done  or  said  for  which 

1 
he  was  mainly  responsible'! 

He  believed  in  acting  for  the  welfare  of  all  the  people 
whenever  there  was  a  chance  for  such  action.   An  example  of 
this  may  be  found  in  his  action  of  appointing  a  number  of 
Toluntary,  unpaid  commit  doners  to  report  to  him  in  regard  to  gov- 
ernmental scientific  work,  department  methods,  and  country  life. 
Congress  did  not  give  express  warrant  for  the  action  taken  by 
the  President  but  he  saw  in  each  instante  that  the  welfare  of 
the  people  would  be  improved.   His  action  resulted  in  great 
benefit  to  all  the  people.   His  motto  was:  "Get  action;  do  things; 

be  sane,  don't  fritter  away  your  time;  create,  act,  take  a 

2 
place  wherever  you  are  and  be  somebody;  get  action':   He  ap- 
pointed men  whi  did  things  just  as  every  one  in  our  nation  would 
have  them  appointed.   It  was  die  to  his  initiative  that  various 
things  were  accomplished  during  his  administration. 

It  was  due  t»  his  initiative  th=»t  the  Panama  Canal  was 
built.  He  was  intensely  interested  in  having  the  canal  built. 
He  was  willing  to  oppose  and  overcome  the  powerful  opposition 

1.  quoted  from  Lewis,  W.,  Life  of  uoosevelt,  p.  251. 

2.  quoted  from  Douglas,  G,  W,,  Many  „ided  Roosevelt,  p.  83. 


-72- 


to   the  construction  of  any  canal.      Greatest  of  all  he  waB 

willing  to    take   the   responsibility  of  positive   action.      In  a 

speech   to    the  University  of  California  on  March  23,    1911,   he   said: 

"I    an  interested      in  the   Pamama  Canal  because   I    started   it. 

If  I   had   followed   traditional   convention  methods  I    should  have 

submitted   a  dignified    stite   paper  of  probably  200  pages  to 

Congress  and   the   debate  would  have  been  going  on  yet.      But  I 

took  the   canal    zone  and  let 
Tlis   initiative  in  building 
the   Panama  Canal.  congress  debate  arid  while 

the  debate  was   going  on  the   canal  was  also"     Had  he  not   taken 
action  while  he   had  an  opportunity,    it   is  quite  possible,  the  ca- 
nal    would   still  be   n   thing  for  future  action. 

i*rom  the   time   of  the  treaty  of  1846  until    the  building 
of   the   canal   the  histoid   of  Prom  a  was    one  long   series  of  revolu- 
tions.     The   disturbance    seemed   to  be   on  the   increase  when  Koose- 
velt  became   president.      The  United   States  tried   to   establish  a 
treaty,    known  as   the  Herman-Hay  Treaty  whereby  the  United  States 
was   to   pay    ?10,000,000   for  a   strip  of  territory  across  the   Isth- 
mus  six  miles  wide.      The  United   States  after  ten  years  was  to 
pay  Columbia  $250,000   annually.     When  Karoquin  rejected  this  trea- 
ty Hoosevelt   saw  three  routes  which   the  United   states  might 
choose.      (1)    Accept   the    situation  and   continue  conversation  with 


-75- 


Maroquin,    or   turn  again  to   the  JKicaraguan  route.      This  meant  in- 
definitely postponing   the   construction  of   the   c*nal.      .Roosevelt 
considered   it   the  moral   duty  of   this  country  to   construct  it. 
(2).  Encourage   a  revolution  in  the   Isthmus.      This   seemed   to  him 
an  immoral    thing   to   do.      (3).   Carry  out   the   ter.us  of   the   treaty 
by   seizing   the    strip  across   the   Isthmus  ceded  by  the   treaty  and 
proceed   to   construct   the   canal.      Considering  this  the  right 
course   to   take,    he  drafted  a  message   to   Congress   in  which  he  ad- 
vocated  the    seizure   of   the    strip    .      This  was  not  necessary  for 
at  about   this    time  Paiiama  decided    to   sever  relations  with  Col- 
umbia.    The   revolution  broke   out  &ov.   3  and   on  *,ov.   6   the  Unit- 
ed  States  recognized   the  Hepublic   of  Panama.      Immediately  a 
treaty  was  made   giving   the  United   states   full   power  to   proceed 
to   construct   the    canal. 

This   procedure  has  been  criticised  as  questionable. 
One  writer   said:    "Kootevelt   took   the   can^l   zone  by  what  amount- 
ed   to  violence   or  worse.      I    am  proud  of   the   canal,    but  we   shall 

grow  more   and  more  ashamed   of   the  w«y  we   entered  on  the  canal 

1 
project  as  we   improve   in  national  morals!      itoosevelt's  concep- 
tion of  the  White  Man's  burden  involves  relations  of   one   country 
with  another.      He  believed   that  it  was   the  White  Man's  burden 


1.      Quick. H   .  why  I    prefer   tfilson  to  Koosevelt,    Amer.   ff.    74, 
p.   16    iv'L2. 


-74- 


to  t?>ke  charge  of  backward  nations.   There  is  a  question  whether 
this  policy  is  the  proper  kind  for  a  democratic  nation  to 
pursue.   Roosevelt  r/as  such  a  man  of  action  that  at  times  it 
Beemed  he  overestimated  the  rights  of  the  strong.   The  criticism 
has  been  made  that  at  times  he  used  the  Big  Stick  a.a   a  way  to 
get  power.   The  following  shows  some  of  the  public  comment, 

"When  Uncle  bam  acquired  the  Panama  Canal  zone  there  was 
a  very  strong  suspicion  throughout  the  country  that  the  Roose- 
velt administration  was  asserting  the  doctrine  that  "might  makes 
right" ,  at  the  expense  of  the  Republic  of  Columbia.   We  acted 
toward  that  country  in  very  much  the  same  way  Italy  did  toward 
Turkey.   Italy  wanted  Tripoli  and  took  it,  ....  And  so  when  we 
wanted  Panama  we  encouraged,  if  we  did  not  actually  inspire,  a 
revolution  th*t  was  made  short  and  sweet  by  our  prompt  reconition 
of  the  independence  of  Panama. 

Panama  belonged  to  Columbia,  and  if  Columbia  had  been 
strong  enough  to  successfully  resist  the  United  States,  this 
country  might  have  been  forced  to  accept  her  terras  before  start- 
ing to  construct  the  canal  across  the  Isthmus.   But  Uncle  Sam 
is  bossing  this  hemisphere,  and  there  is  no  nation  in  either  of 
the  Americas  big  enough  and  strong  enough  to  dispute  her  au- 
thority.  Columbia  could* t  ds  it;  almost  before  she  had  opened 


-76- 


her  mouth   to   protest  Roosevelt  warned  her   that   she  might  expect 

a  spanking  if    she  got  gay.      That  is   the   naked   truth  about   the 

Panama   transaction,    as  most  people  understood  it;   but   there  was 

a  general   feeling  that  Columbia  was   insisting  upon  unreasonable 

terms  in  the  matter   of   the  ditch   that  Uncle   Sam  wanted   to  dig, 

and   therefore    there   is  disposition  to  look  upon   the   end  as 

1 
justifying   the  means." 

Notwithstanding  all  these  criticisms  Roosevelt* s  inter- 
est was  with   the  work  from  the   first,      /«hen  there  was  a  dispute 
as   to   the   type   of   the  canal    to  be  built  he   did   not  let   the  ma- 
jorities of  opinions  in  the   Commission  rule.      He  analyzed  care- 
fully  the  reasons   for  and   against  each   type,    made  up  his  mind, 
and    set   them   to  work  on  the   lock   type.      He    saw  it  was  not   the 
time   to    theorize    hut  a  time   for   action,      iiy  his  initiative  he 
stopped   the  argument   that  had  been  going  on  for  over  a  hundred 
years  and  made    it   possible   for   the  United    states   to   perform  one 
of  the   greatest   feats  of  its  kind. 

It  was  Roosevelt  who   took    trie   initiative  in   the   settle- 
ment of   the  ^u s so -Japanese  War.      Doubtless  peace  was  brought  a- 

bout  very  largely  through  the   in- 
Roosevelt'e  part   in  the 

settlement  of   the  rtusso-  fluence  of  Roosevelt.      He  watch- 

Japanese    ,var. 

ed  for   the  psychological  moment 

to    surest   a   settlement   to   these   nations.      At   times  when  the 

1.     editorial   Jomment  by  American  ftewspipers  on   "How   the  U.    S. 
Acquired   the  Right   to   Bui 3d  the  Panama   Canal",  p. 98. 


-7o- 


commissi oners  of  the  two  countries  could  not  agree,  Roosevelt 
*n«r»e  suft/^eetive  compromises  which  were  the  basis  of  the  final 
agreement.  This  action  placedhim  on  record  as  an  advocate  of 
arbitration  of   international    disputes. 

As   a  mediator  between  Russia  and   Japan,    Roosevelt  was 
regarded   as   a  great  benefactor  by  the  world  at  large.      i?or   this 
service  he  was   awarded      the   .uoble  Peace   Prize  which  consisted 
of  a  gold  medal   and  #40,000.      In   the   same    speech   in  which  he 
acknowledged  his   gratitude   for   the   award,    he  characteristically 
gave   the    ^40,000    to   further   the   cause   of   industrial   peace.      He 
believed    thafthe   peace   of  righteousness   and  justice,    tnc  only 

kind   of  peace  worth  having,    is,    at   least,    as  necessary  in   the 

1 
industrial  world    as   it    is   among  nations? 

Roosevelt   not  only   displayed  enormous  energetic   initiative 

himself  but  he   aroused    the   initiative   in  others.      Whenever  he 

saw  citizens    struggling   to    solve   problems  for   the   common  welfare 

of   the  American   people  he   unselfishly   backed  up  their   initiative. 

As  Mr.   Davenport   soys,    "It  was  a 
Encouraged   initiative 
in  others.  custom  with  him  while  he  was  in  the 

White  House    to   keep  his   eye  on  every   sign  of   dawning  initiative 

in  every  corner  of   the   country,    get   in  touch  with  it   thru   frequent 

Ti     Aduress   before   tne   i\oble   Peace  Committee   in  Christiania,' 
Kay   5,    1910. 


-7?- 


luncheons  at  the  hite  House,   ile  inspired  it  with  his  own  ideals 
and  sent  it  forth. 

"If  the  number  of  men  and  women  in  the  United  etates  up- 
on whom  hoosevelt  laid  the  hand  of  appreciation  and  inspiration 
were  known,  it  would  be  a  great  company.   While  no  man  thought 
more  deeply  upon  democracy  than  the  great  and  practical  Lincoln, 
perhaps  no  man  ever  thought  so  deeply,  and  no  man  ever  cleared 
a  greater  single  obstacle  from  the  path  of  democracy,  than  he, 
Koosevelt,  on  the  other  hand,  did  more  to  make  democracy  per- 
manently workable  than  any  other  man  in  our  history.   His  mar- 
velous moral  and  political  dynamic  personality  has  permeated 
•very  corner  of  his  country.   The  influence  of  his  spirit  has 
gone  into  every  election  district  in  the  United  States  and  at 
this  hour  in  all  parts  of  America,  men  nnd  women  are  climbing 

up  to  public  power  and  influence  in  their  respective  conrnunities 

1 
who  get  their  start  from  the  touch  of  ^ooseveltt 

It  is  not  easy  to  say  what  sentiment  was  most  dear  to  him 
but  it  might  be  indicated  by  his  favorite  expression,** square 
deal*.   When  he  wae  only  twenty- three  years  ol*  he  took  his  seat 
in  the  i..ew  York  Legislature,   boon  there  was  a  scandal  raised 
concerning  a  judge.   Fachine  politics  ordered  silence  but  hoose- 
velt would  not  be  silenced.   He  demanded  fair  pliy  and  pressed 

1.    Davenport,  F.  Best  Contributions  to  Demonracy. 
Outlook;  127,  pp. 470-1,  March  23,  1921. 


-7o- 


the  i88ue  until  it  had  conrerted  public  opinion  and  the  state 
came  to  his  support.   When  he  became  head  of  the  i>ew  York  Po- 
lice force  his  first  purpose  was  to  estab- 
Square  deal 

lieh  order  and  honesty  within  the  force. 

There  existed  a  regular  anil  well  known  price  for  promotion. 
Koosevelt  stopped  the  system,  punished  guilty  members  of  the 
force  and  awarded  deserving  ones  without  regard  to  outside 
influence.   He  gave  them  a  square  deal  and  showwd  thit  a  man 
stood  on  his  own  merits,  not  on  politics,  race  or  religion. 
He  saw  that  the  law  was  enforced.   There  were  30,000  saloons 
in  lew  York  when  he  came  into  office.   The  law  directing  the 
closing  of  all  saloons  on  Sunday  had  never  been  enforced  on  all 
snloor  keepers,   .ome  favored  few  kept  open.   Under  his  direc- 
tion all  saloons  were  closed. 

When  he  became  President  our  government  was  largely 
controlled  by  the  wealthy  people  of  the  country.  He  made  the 
statement,  "The  labor  union  shall  have  a  square  deal,  and  the 
corporations  shall  have  a  square  deal  and  in  addition,  all 
private  citizens  shall  have  a  square  deal?   Koosevelt  was  not 
afraid  of  wealth  and  considered  that  it  ought  to  be  controlled 
by  law  for  the  common  good.   He  immediately  took  steps  to  res- 
cue the  government  from  the  hands  of  corporate  wealth.   In 
"American  Ideals"  he  scorns  lawless  money  getting.   "The  con- 


-79- 


scienceless  stock  speculator,  who  acquires  wealth  by  swindling 
ais  fellowe,  and  by  debauching  Judges,  and  corrupting  legislatures, 
and  who  ends  his  days  with  the  reputation  of  being  among  the 
richest  men  of  America,  exerts  over  the  minds  of  the  rising  gen- 
eration «n  influence  worse  than  that  of  the  average  murderer  or 

bandit,  because  his  cnreer  is  even  more  dazzling  in  success,  and 

1 
even  more  dangerous  in  its  efiects  upon  the  com-nunityl   ftoose- 

velt's  attitude  was  cautious  toward  the  big  corporations.   He 
asked  Congress  to  provide  for  publicity  in  affairs  of  corporations 
and  as  a  result  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  was  brought 
into  existence,   vithin  it  was  a  bureau  of  corporations  charged 
with  the  power  and  duty  of  investigation.   Thru  the  Department 
cf  Justice  he  brought  to  time  the  standard  oil  Company  and  con- 
victed railways  and  shirkers  in  the  Kast  and  West  for  taking  and 
giving  unlawful  rebates.   A  senator  who  was  attempting  to  influ- 
ence an  exectutive  department  contrary  to  law  was  imprisoned. 
Another  senator  was  convicted  for  joining  a  conspiracy  to  steal 
public  lands.   He  seems  to  sum  up  his  feelings  when  he  says, 
"The  man  is  not  square  who  picks  pockets  with  a  railroad  rebate, 
murders  with  an  adulterant  instead  of  a  bludgeon,  burglarizes 
with  a  "rake  off  instead  of  a  jimmy,  cheats  with  a  company 


1.    American  Ideals,  p. 5. 


-30- 


lroapectus  instead  of  a  deck  of  cards,    or   scuttle  his   town  in- 
stead of  his   ship,    does  not  feel  on  his  brow   the  brand   of  a  mal- 
efactor.     The   thedaer  of  blood,    the  oppressor  of  the  widow,    and 

the  fatherless,    long  ago  became   odious,    but   later-day   treacher- 

1 
ies  fly  no    skull   and  cross-bone   flag  at   the  mask  head."   Roosevelt 

tried   to  nracticr   the   square  deal    thruout  his  life  work.      Inci- 
dents may  be  pointed   out   to   prove   that  he  was  inconsistent,    as 
in  the  Henry  55,   Whitney  matter,    the  Bellamy  ^torers  business, 
the  Harriman  Campaign,    etc.,    but   in  all   probability   there   repre- 
sent mistakes  common  to   all  men. 

Jirom  his   early  life   Roosevelt  was   thoroughly  democratic, 
burns' s   sympathetic   democracy  appealed   to  him  and  he  profited 
by  hi 8  advice.      When  he   entered  Harvard  he  had   the  name  and   money 

which  might  have  made  him  a  snob  but   it  did 
How  he  practiced 
democracy.  not.      He  was  quite  human  and   showed  his 

simple   taste  in  fitting  up  his  room.       hile  many   students   spent 
thousands  of  dollars   furnishing   their  rooms,    he  ornamented  his 
with   the   ckins  and    stuffed   animals   and  rare  bird3  which  he  had 
mounted.     He  held   that  he  was  only  a  common  place  person   qnd 
thought   that   almost  any  one   could  do    the   things  which  he  himself 
had  done.      A  letter   dealing     largely  with    sportsmanship  brings 
out  this  point  more   clearly.      He   says;    "Personally,    as  you  know, 

1.      Quoted   from  Mechlin's  "Introduction   to    oocial  jtthics,    p. 78. 


-8l- 


I    am  not  really  good   at   any  game.      Ferhaps   in  my   time    I    came 
nearer  to  being  fairly  good  as  a  walker,    a  rider,    and   a  rifleshot 
than  in  any  other  way;   but.  I   was  never  more   than  average  man 
even   in  these   three  respects,      "'hat ever   success  I   have  had   in 
game  hunting— and   it  has  been  by  no  me*\ns   notewortfty  —    has  bee 
due,    as  well  as  I    can  make  out,    to    three   causes:    first,    common 
sense   and  good   judgment;    second,    perseverance,    which   is   the  on- 
ly way  of  allowing  one   to  make  good  one's  own  blunders;    tnird, 

the   tact   that   l    shot  as  well  at  ^ame  as  at  a   target ..ow, 

of  course,    the  possession  and    practice  of   these    three  qualities 
did   not  by  any  means     make  me    as    successful   s   hunter   as   the  men 
who,    in  addition  to  possessing  them  were  also   better    shots   than 
I  was,    or  who  had  greater   power  of  endurance  «£  aftsddXRaRftec,    or 
who  were  more    Bkilled   in  plainscraft   or  woodscraft.      Jbut   they 
did  enable  me   to  kill   a  reasonable  quantity  of  big  game   and   to 
do   it   in  ways   that  made  my  observation  of  value   to   the   faunal 
or  outdoor  naturalist.      Besides   I   knew  what   I   wanted,    and  was 
willing  to  work  hard   to   get   it.      In  short,    1   am  not  an  athlete, 
I    am   simply  a  good,    ordinary,    out-of-doors  man.      You   speak   of 
wy  recent  hundred-mile  ride.      Aow   this  was   no   feat   for  any 
young  man  in  condition  worth   speaking  about;    twice   out   in  the 
cattle  country,    on   the  roundup,   when  I  was  young,    I   have  myself 


-82- 


8pent   thirty-six  hours   in  the   saddle, merely  dismounting  to   eat 
or  change  horses;    the  hundred-mile  ride   represents  what  any  el- 
derly man  in  fair  trim  can  do   if  he   chooses I    think  my 

last   sentence   covers  the  whole   case,    that   is, 'if  he   chooses'. 
It  has  always   seemed   to   me   that  in  life   there  are   two  ways  of 
achieving   success,    or,    for  the  matter  of   that,    of  achieving 
what  is  commonly  called,  greatness.      One  ie   to   do   that  which  can 
only  be   done  by  the  man  of  exceptional   and  extraordinary  abili- 
ties,   of  course    this  means   that  only  this  one  man  can  do   it, 
and  it  is  a  very  rsre  kind   of   success,    or  of  greatness.      The 
other  is  to  do   that  which  many  men  could  do,    but  which,    as  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,    none  of  them  actually  does.      This  is  the   ordinary 
kind   of   success   or  greatness.      ISobody  but   one   of   the  world's 
rare  geniuses   could  have  written  the   Gettysburg   speech,    or  the 
L-econa   Inaugural,    ofc  met  as  Lincoln  met   the   awful   crisis  of  the 
Civil  'Jar.      Lut  ,nost   of  us  can  do   the  ordinary   things,    which, 
however,    most   of  us  do   not  do.      Sfy  own   successes  fcave   come 
within  this   second  category.      Any  fairly  hardy  and  healthy  man 
can  do  what  I  have  done   in  hunting  and  ranching   if  he   only  re- 
ally wants  to,    and  will   take   the  pains  and   trouble  and  at   the 
s^me   time  use   common  sense.      Any  one    that   cftose   could  have  led 
the  kind  of  life   I  have  led,    and  any  one  who  had  led   that  life 


-83 


ould    if  he   chose—   and  by  choosing  I   mean,    of   course,    choosing 
to   exercise   in  advance    the  requisite   industry,    judgment,    and 
foresight,    none   of  them   to   an  extraordinary   degree—    have   rais- 
ed my  regiment   or   served   in  positions  analogous   to    those   in 

1 
which  I  have   served  in  civil  life? 

The   cosmopolitan  make  up  of  his   cavalry  regiment   shows 
Roosevelt     democratic  attitude.      In  his  book,  "The   Kough  Hiders" 
he   says,    "We   drew   recruits  from  Harvard,   Yale,    Princeton  and 
many  other  colleges;    from  club   life   the    Somerset   of  Boston  and 
Knickerbocker  of    Sew  York,    and   from  among   the  men  who    belonged 
neither  to   club   nor   college.      I'our  of   the  policemen  who  had 
served  under  IM   while   I   was   president   of   the   lie*   York    Police 

Board   insisted   on  coming Easterners   and  Westerners, 

Northerners  and    .Southerners,    officers  and  men,    cow  boys  and 
college   graduates,    wherever   they  came   from,    whatever   their   social 
position,    possessed   in  common   the    traits  of  hardihood  and   thirst 

for  adventure Some  were   professional   gamblers   and 

on  the  other  hand,    no   less  than  four  had  been   or  were   Baptist 
or  Methodist   clergymen,    and   proved   first   class  fighters,    by   the 
way. 

From   the   Indian  Territory   there   came   a  number  of  Indians- 
Cherokees,    Chickasaws,    Choctaws  and  Creeks.      One   of   the  gamest 
and  best   fighters   of  the   regiment  was  Pollock,    a  full   blooded 


1.      Living   Age,    205:    p.    527. 


-84- 


Pawnee 

There  were      wen  who  had  won  fame  as  Rocky  fountain  stage 

dri/ero,    or  who  had   spent  endless  days  guiding  the   slow  wagon 

train  across  the  grassy  plains.     There  were  miners  who  knew 

every  camp  from  Yukon  to  Leadville  and  cow-punchers  in  whose 

memories  were   stored  the  brands     carried  by  the  herds  from 

1 
Chiknakua  to  Aeslnaboid? 

As  officer  of  the  Hough  hiders  Roosevelt  had  the  priv- 
ilege of  having  more  and  better  things   to  eat  than  the  common 
soldiers.      Fait  he  would  not   take  different   food  or  different 
shelter   from  what  his  men  had.     All  dainties  went   to   the   sick 
at  whose  bedside  he  was  a  constant  visitor.     He  called   each  of 
his  men  by  name  and    treated    them  as  if   they  were  members  of 
his  own  family. 

Roosevelt  was   proud   of  the  battle  of   Santiago ,    not   that 
he  attached  undue   importance   to   it,    for  in   speaking  at   Chatta- 
nooga in  1902  he   said:    "Compared  to   the  great  death  wrestle  that 
reeled   over   the  mountains  roundabout   this   city,    the   fight  of 
tianti*go  was   the  merest   skirmish;   but   the   spirit  in  which  we 
handled  ourselves  there,    I  hope,   was  the   spirit  in  which  we 
have  to  face  our  duties  as  citizens  if  we  are  to  make   the  Re- 
public what  it  must  be  made? 

1.      Rough   Riders,    pp.    13-31. 


-85- 


Koosevelt  could  entertain  as  formally  as  Washington  when 
occasion  demanded,  but  at  other  times  he  was  quite  informal 
and  entertained  at  the  White  House  as  a  private  citizen.  He 
enjoyed  the  informal  entertainments  because  they  helped  him  to 
get  in  touch  with  other  men  on  matters  which  were  of  vital  and 
mutual  interest.   A  morning  caller  often  would  be  invited  to 
return  for  lunch  in  order  tnat  they  might  complete  their  conver- 
sation and  become  better  acquainted,  iien  whom  it  would  have 
been  difficult  to  confer  with  in  the  formal  atmosphere  of  tiie 
executive  study,  under  these  infox-mal  conditions  became  at  ease 
and  expressed  themselves  freely   His  guests  were  men  and  women 
with  live  qualities,  ttiose  who  had  done  and  were  doing  some 
good  work.   It  might  be  a  clergyman,  a  labor  leader,  a  profession- 
al musician,  explorer,  or  author.   All  sorts  of  men  were  invited 
if  they  had  accomplished  or  had  possibilities  of  accomplishing 
some  thirg  worth  while..   It  made  no  difference  whether  they  were 
thr>R<°  familiar  with  drawing  room  codes  or  the  ready  manner  of 
the  ranch.  He  believed  that  people  from  all  parts  oi  the  country 
should  meet  and  conduct  their  bu sines-  as  neighbors.   This  atti- 
tude caused  many  plain  Americans  all  over  the  country  to  visit 
him.   The  President  would  often  stop  his  morning  business  and 
go  down  to  the  waiting  line  in  the  Cabinet  room.  His  amazing 


-8b- 


memory  and   extraordinary  interest   in  people  made   it   possible 
ir.  many  cases   for  him   to    say   some  thing  personal    to   the  visitor. 
He   enjoyed   this  part  of  his  morning  work  because  he   could    shake 
hands  and  have  a  personal  word  with  50  or  60  people   in  fifteen 
minutes  and  let   them  feel  that   the,y  had   a  friend  in  hi*.      He  was 
also   fond  of  meeting  his  fellows   in  friendly  rivalry  in  vigorous 
■port*. 

As  President  he  put  himself  in  closest   touch  with   the 
people  and    studied   the   thoughts  and  feeling  of   the   average 
citizen.      .Vhen  he  wished   something  done  he  asked   the  people   to 
help  hira  by  expressing   their  wants  and  desires  with  reference   to 
what  was   to  be  done.      Within  four  years  he   traveled  more   than 
50,000  miles  and  visited   every   state   in  the  Union.      In  his 
Western   tour  he  delivered   385    speeches  in  25   states  and   terri- 
tories.     He  was  known  by  more  people   in  his  own  country, as  well 
as  abroad,    than  any  other  American.     His  virile   democratic   ac- 
tions caused  him   to   attract  people  of  other  countries.      Tikis 
gave  opportunity   for  other  nations   to  know  more   of  the   United 
Stateo  and   the  people  of  this  country  to  know  more  of  other 
countries. 

As  a  leader  of  democracy  he  kept  his  mind   plastic,      iio 
one  enn  say  of  him  that  he  was   an  obstructionist,    for  he  was 


-87- 


always  ready  for  new   ideas,      fie  did  not  believe   in  laying  down 
rules  that  were   never   to  be  broken.      Alien  he   saw   that  a  rule  was 
blocking  the   path  of  what  he   termed   "the  larger   good"   he  broke 
it  without  hesitancy.      After  hie   speech  before   the   Chamber  of 
Commerce   of  l»ew  York   City,    November  15,    1911,    an  Eastern  news- 
paper  spoke  of  his  as   MA  full  tirown  man  wno  was   still  growing? 
He  believed   that   politics   and   political   activity  are   the 
mechanical    side   of  governemnt;    that  beneath    these    the   real 
spirit  of  democratic   expression  of   the   people   is   the   force    that 
is   to  be  reckonei  with  in  administering   the  great  policies  of 
the  nation,    it   is   this  that  makes  society  Btable   r-.nd  gives 
permanence-   and   life   to   our   progressive   organism.      He  acted   in 
the  belief   that   the  great  policies  of   state   cannot   be   obtained 
unlesn  the  mechanism  which    ie   neee66ary  fos   their  operation 
is  fetivt   in  perfect  j-unning  order.      Therefore  he   never  tired  of 
locking  after   the  mechanical    side  of   stateemnnship. 

In  all   his  utterances    there  is  found  a  belief  in   strong 
national   character   and   national    action.      One   hundred   per   cent. 
Aim tri  e*i    was  no t    suggestd    to  him  by  the  peril   in  which  he    saw 
the   nation  during  the   last   four  years  of  nis   life.      He  was  always 

looking   into    the   future  and  might  even  be 
Farsightedness. 

considered   a  prophet.      As  early  as  1883 

he  wrote:*A  miserly  economy  in  preparation  .nay  in  the   end   in- 
volve  a  lavish   outlay  of  men  and  money  which  after  al L   comes 


-88- 


too  late   to  more    than  partially  offset   the   evils.      It  was  crim- 
inal  folly  for  Jefferson  and   *,iadison  not   to   give  us  a   force   of 
regulars  during   the   twelve   years  before    the    struggle.      The   ne- 
cessity for  an  efiicient  navy  is   now  so    evident   that  only  our 

1 
almost  incredible   shortsightedness  prevents   our  preparing  one!! 

Later  in  an  address  at   the   iiaval   War  College,    in  1897,   he    said: 
"If  wo   forget   that  we   can  only   secure   peace  by  being  ready  and 
railing  to    fight   for  it  we  may   come   day  have  little   cause   to   re- 
alize   that   a  rich  nation  which   is   slothful ,    timid,    or  unwieldy, 
ie  an  e^Bj   prey   for  any  people  which   still   retain   those  most  val- 
uable  of  all   qualities,    the    soldierly  virtues,   we  may   strive   to 
build  ut>  those   fighting  qualities   for  the  lack  of  which  in  a 
nation,    no   refinement,    no   culture,    no  wealth,    no  material    pros- 
perity can  atone.      To   see   this  country  at  peace  with  foreign  na- 
tions we  will  be  wise    to   place   reliance  upon  a  first  class  fleet 
or   first   class  battleships  rather  than  on  any   arbitration   treaty 
which  the  wit   of  man  can  devise.      Peace   is  a  goodness  only  when 
sne   comes  with  a   sword  girt   on  thigh.      Cowardice   in  a  race   is 
the  unpardonable   sin  and  a  wilful   failure   to   prepare  for  danger 
may  be  as  bad   as  cowardice.      The   timid  man  who  can  not  fight, 
an^    the   selfish  or  foolish  man  who  will   not   take   the   steps   that 
will   enabla  him  to   fight    stand  almost  on  the   same   plane.      The 


1.      History   of  Baval   War   of  1812. 


-89- 


™*»n  #in  hive   m^ached  universal   peace  which  premitted   the   contin- 
uance  of   the   Armenian  butcheries  have   inflicted  a  wrong   on  human- 
ity greater  th*m  would  be   inflicted  by  the  moat  ruthless  mad  war- 
loving  deercot.   .better  a   thousand   times  err  on  the   side   of  tame 

sucnisEion  to   injury  or  cold  blooded   indifference   to   the  misery 

1 
of  the  oppressed?      In  his  message   to   Congress,    December  1901, 

December  1902,    in  his   speeches  made  at  Minnessota   state    Fair, 
September   2,    1901,    at   3an    Francisco,    vay  14,    1903,    'it  Williams 
College,    June   22,    1905   and   at   Cairo,    Illinois,    October   10,    1907 
the    anme    thought   is  expressed. 

Koosevelt  vns   one   of  the   first   to   advocate   a  League  of 
Rations.      He  preoeivecs    tne   international    state   of  mind   produced 
by  the  '■Jiorld  v/ar.      In  his   address  before   the   lobli   Prize    Commis- 
sion in   ["hri  atiania  on   /ay  5,    1910,   he   said:      '♦It   is  earnestly 
to  be  hoped   that    tne  various  governments  of  Europe,   working  with 

t.iose  of  America  and    Asia,    shall   set 
iii3  attitude   toward 
a  League   of   i.ationa.  t.  lemselves   seriously  to   the  task  of 

devising  some  method  which  will    accomplish  this  result,  (The 
establishment   of  an  international    supreme   court  of  the  v  orld) . 
If  I   may  venture   the    suggestion,    it  would  be  well   for  the    states- 
men  of  the  world,    in  planning  for    the   erection  of   this  *orld 


1.      American   Id'eala. 


-90- 


court,  to  study  what  has  been  done  in  the  United  otates  by  the 
supreme  Court.   I  cannot  help  thinking  that  the  constitution  of 
the  United  otates  notably  in  the  establishment  of  the  ^uoreme 
Court  and  in  the  method  adopted  for  securing  peace  and  good 
relations  among  and  between  diflerent  states,  ofier  certain  val- 
uable analogies  to  what  should  be  striven  for  in  order  to  se- 
cure thru  the  Hague  courts  and  conferences,  a  speciee  of  world 

federation  for  international  peace  and  justice 

"Something  should  be  done  as  soon  as  possible  to  oneck 
the  growth  of  ax'maments,  especially  naval  armaments,  by  inter- 
national agreement.   Ko  one  power  could  or  should  act  by  itself; 
for  it  is  eminently  undesirable,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  peace 
of  righteousness,  that  a  power  which  really  does  believe  in 
fierce   should  plane  itself  at  the  mercy  of  some  rival  which  may, 
m\   bottom,  have  no  such  belief  and  no  intention  of  acting  on  it* 
.nut,  granted  cincerety  of  purpose,  the  Great  Powers  of  the  World 
should  find  no  insurmountably  difficulty  in  reaching  an  agree* 
ment  which  would  out  an  end  to  tne  present  costly  and  growing 

expenditure  on  naval  armpments 

"It  would  be  a  master  stroke  if  those  Great  Powers,  hon- 
estly bent  on  peace,  should  form  a  League  of  Peace,  not  only  to 


-91- 


keep  the  peace   among  themselves,    but   to   prevent  by   force   if 

necessary,    it  being  broken  by  others.    . 

"In  new  and  wild   communities,   where    there   is  violence, 
an  honest  man  must  protect  himself;    and  until   other  means  of   se- 
curing  safety  are   decided,    it   is  both  foolish   and  wicked   to 
per »uade  him    to    surrender  his  amis  v/hile    the  men  who   are  dan- 
gerous  to   the   community  retain   theirs.      He   should   not  renounce 
the  right  to   protect  himself  by  his  own   efiorts  until   the   com- 
munity is   bo   organized    that   it   can  efiectively  relieve   the   in- 
dividual  of  the  duty  of  putting  down  violence,      ^o   it   is  with  t 
the   nations.      Each  nation  must  keep  well   prepared   to   defend 
itself  until    the  establishment   of   some   form  cf  international   po- 
lice power  competent  and  willing  to   prevent   violence,    as   between 
nstionw 

*The  combination  mignt   at  first   be   only  to    secure  peace 
within  certain  definite   limits  and   certain  definite   conditions, 
but   the  ruler   or   statesman  who    should  bring  about   such  a  com- 
bination would  have   earned  his  place  in  history  for  all    time, 
and  hi 8   title    to    the  gratitude   of  mankind'.' 

Iho  World     ar  gave   noosevelt   opportunity  for  his  last 
great   service   to   his  country.      froa  the  beginnings  of  hostilities 


-92- 


in  Uui'ope  he  urged,    in  speech   and   in  writing,    for   America   to   pre- 
pare  lor  the   inevitable   struggle,      '..hen  the   struggle  did  come 

he  did  all   in  hi  a  ^ower   to   pueh   it   thru 
Kie  last  great 
service.  to   a  8UCcessful    conclusion.      He  never 

hesitated , but  bent   every  effort   toward    strengthening  the   army 
and   navy  and    to   induce  hi. 3  fellow  countrymen  to   rise   to    the 
nro-ner  heroic  mood  which   is   necessary  for  war.      He  insisted   from 
the  first   that   the  United   st^tee   covld   not   aftord   to   endure 
witnout   fighting  the  wrong  and   resist   the  humiliation  Helped  up- 
on all   nations  by   the    German  Empire.      Thru  his   leadership  Amer- 
ica  awakened   to   the  need   of  military  training.  .   when  war  was 
declared  he  urged   others   to   go   »nd  was  desperately  anxious   to 
go  himself.     He  wanted   to   recruit   an  army   and  respond   to    the 
call   of   threatened    civilization,    but   the    'ar  Department   refused 
to   furnish  him  with    facilities.      He  was  represented, however, 
by  four   sons,    one   of  which   gsve  hir   life   for  his  country. 

.oocevelt   rendered   a  great    service  behind   the  lines  with 
voice   and  pen,    ever   intii sting  upon  action,      ."hile  he  might  have 
become   a  general   had  he  been  permitted    to   r^ise  his  volunteer 
army,   many  feel   as  Harding  when  he   said:    "Somehow   I    am  glad  he 
remained  a  Colonel—  nay,    The   Colonel.       low   significant   it   is. 


-93- 


and  whit   a  tribute,    that  he  has  made   the   title   of  lof tJ  est  rank; 
lie  is   "The   Colonel  *    to   all  America,    and  one   ne^ds  only  to  men- 
tion the  title  without   the  name    to  have   it  understood  he   is 
speaking  of  the  most   eminent   Colonel   of  all   time': 


-94- 


CHAPTSii      III. 

itoosevelt '  a  Literary  Activities. 

"trictkly  speaking  iioosevelt's  literary   ^cti/itiea 
hardly   belong  to   topics  considered,    except  in  the  wider   sense 
of  an  American  citizen  who  was   a  leader   in  a  number  of  fields. 
j£ven  when  he  was  writing  on  other  things  or  exploring,    far  re- 
moved   from  political   matters,    there  was   the    same   point   of  view. 
He    nevev   fsrgot   that  he  was  an  American  citizen. 

iioosevclt  not   only  demonstrated  by  example   the   principles 
of  democrpcy,    but  he  also   contributed    thru   literature   the   things 
toe  regarded  of  highest  value   for   the  present   and   future   generations 
Laurence   Abbott  has   estimated    that  xioosevelt   produced  16,000,000 
written  rorde  in  his  life    time.      A  writer  wno  does  nothing  but 
write  would   feel   that  he  had   fulfilled  his  duty   to  his  profess- 
ion if  he  produced    that  much.      Writing  was   not  hoosevelt's  chief 
profession,    it  was  merely  one   of  his  avocations.      He  was  a  writer 
at   the   e<*me   time  he  was   ■    student,    soldier,    explorer,    traveler, 
apeiVer,    governor,    and    president. 


His  writing  difier  from  most  men  of  letter*  for  he  did  not 
hpve    time   for  conoi deration   and   revision  which  the   profeeeional 
writer   bive   to  hie  work.      iather   Zahm,    the    scientist*    who  ac- 
companied uoosevelt  on  a  large   part   of  his   iouth  American  ex- 
plorations describes  hia  methods  thus: 
natural    scientist. 

"The  articles  intended  for   one   of   the 

m^ga^ir.-**.   to  which  he  contributed,    -as  dictated   to  his   o«§retary 
and  dictated   for   the  most  part  immediately  after  the  occurrence 
of  the  event   deeorifced    while  all   the   facts  were   fresh   in  his 
memory.      Descriptions  of   scenery  were   rarely  delayed  more    tnan 
one   d«y,   usually  not  more   than  a  few  hours.      As   soon   as  he  re- 
turned  from  a  visit   to   a  museum:    a  cattle   ranch   or  public   gatner- 
ing   of  any  kind  he   called  his   secretary,    and  we    soon  heard    the 
clicking  of  the  keys  of   a  typewriter   and   it  mattered   not  where  he 
hardened   te  be  at   the   time-   on  a  railway   train,    or  on  *    ateamer, 
or  in  a  hotel-  it  -j/bb  all   the    ssme   to   him*        The  work  had   to  be 
done,    nnd   it  was  accomplished  at  the  aarliest  possible  moment.    ... 

The  articles  which  appeared  in  another  magazine   described  his 

in 
hunting   expe.iencesMliatto    (irosso,   unlike    those   recounting  inci- 
dents of   the    triumphal   march   to   other  parts   of    oouth  A..i  ilea, 
were  written     by  his     own  hand,      and  often  with   the   expenditure 
01  greit     labor.        Iiost     people  have     come   to   believe 


-»0- 


that  because  Hoosevelt  wrote  so  much—  and  tnat  often  under  the 
most  unfavorable  conditions—  he  must  therefore  have  dashed 
off  his  articles  for  the  press  with  little  or  no  effort,   .noth- 
ing is  further  from  the  truth.   ivo  one  was  more  painstaking  or 
conscientious  than  Hoosevelt  was  in  his  literary  work.   I  had 
frequent  evidence  of  this  especially  in  the  upper  iara&uy. 
Here  it  often  happended  that  he  received  difierent  and  contra- 
dictory reports  regarding  the  habits  of  certain  animals  but  he 
would  not  put  in  writing  nib  own  opinion  about  the  disputed 
question  until  he  nad  thoroughly  investigated  the  subject  and 

had  satisfied  himself  that  he  had  arrived  at  the  truth 

Liometime  his  observations  were  penned  alter  he  han  re- 
turned from  a  long  hunt  in  the  junfele.   Any  other  man  would 
nave  thrown  himself  into  his  hamn.ock  and  taken  a  rest,   .out 
not  so  our  x.i-f.rod.  He  would  refresh  himself  cy  a  plunge  into 
a  stream,  if  there  was  one  near  by,  or  by  a  copious  aclution 
in  his  portable  bath,  and  then  he  would  forthwith  seat  himself 
at  a  folding  writers  table,  which  he  always  carried  wi th  hi  , 
anc  set  down  the  experiences  of  the  day  while  they  were  still 
vividly  before  his  mind.   He  would  thus  continue  to  write  for 
an  hour  or  t-*o,  or  even  several  hours,  according  to  the  time 
at  his  disposal 


-97- 


He  wrote  with  indelible  pencil,  and  by  means  of  carbon 

caper,  three  copies  were  nude  of  each  article.   This  was  as  a 

precaution  against  loss  of  the  manuscript  in  the  mails.  He   did 

not  aim  at  stylistic  efiort,  and  never   m^de  any  attempt  at  mer- 

itricious  adornment  of  his  thoughts  like  Cardinal  iiewman,  his 

chief  efiort  was  to  be  clear,  to  express  himself  in  such  ways 

that  no  one  could  mistake  the  meaning  he  desired  to  convey. 

It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  style  of  his  hanting  articles  is 

so  graphic  and  pelluced,  and  that  he  was  able  to  make  his  read- 

1 
ers  see  marvels  of  tropical  scenes  ae  ne  saw  them'j 

Koosevelt's  indignation  was  aroused  by  faulty  observations 
and  fake  deductions  of  writers.   He  always  demanded  care  and 
accuracy  in  observations.   His  constructive  work  was  great  but 
he  *»lso  rendered  another  service.   Vhenever  he  found  mistakes 
whicn  had  been  associated  with  the  histories  cf  animals  he  took 
care  to  expose  them  and  thus  correct  false  ideas  which  were 
being  handed  down  from  generation  to  generation.   He  discovered 
that  more  attention  had  been  given  by  writers,  to  the  means  of 
hunting  of  game  rather  than  to  their  full  life  histories.   Here 
he  has  made  a  contribution  to  natural  science.   He  supplied  to 
the  best  of  ale  ability  recorded  life  histories  of  our  large  an- 
iiials. 


a — 


1#  Outlook,  121-  434 -C,  March  12,  191S. 


-98- 


Eefore  hunting  noosevelt  would   read  all   tnat  was  writ- 
ten  about   the    mimals  he   proposed   to  hunt.      Then  while  hunting 
he  looked   not  only  for   the   truth  of   the  descriptions  he  had  read 
but   also   for   things  that   otner  observers  had   overldoked.      A 
statement  made  by  him  helps   to   clarify  his  reasons  for   selecting 
the    natural  history  of  big  game   animals  as  his   specialty. 
"Most  big  game   hunters   never   le^rn  anything  about   the  game    ex- 
cept how   to   kill   it;    and  most    naturalists   never   observe   it  at 
all.      Therefore   a  large   amount   of  important  and  rather  oovious 
f«-.cte   remain  unobserved   or  unaccurately   observed,    until   the    spe- 
cies become    extinct.      What   ic    nost  needed   is  not    tne   ability   to 
sec  what  very   few  people    car:   tie,   but    to    see  wiiat   almost  any  one 
can   see,    but    nobody  takes   the   trouble    to   look   at.      ......   The 

facte  1    saw   and   observed   daring  our   five  weeks  mint (for  ougars) 
were   obvious,    th.iy  need   only   the   simplest   power   of   observation 

and   deduction  from  observation.      3u'    nouody  nad  hitherto    shown 

1 
or  expressed    these   aaunple   powers"         "ae   qualities  whien  Roose- 
velt used   in  hunting,    keenness  of  mind   and    perception,    accuracy 
of  deduction  with   absolute  love   for  truth,    are    the   qualities 
whi^h  if  used  will   raiBe   nntuaral  hiBtory   to  higher  levels. 

Roosevelt • 3  interest  in  big  game  animals  was  seconded 
to*  nia  interest  in  birdt.  In  his  boyhood  he  began  collecting 
1.   James  Morgan.     Theodore   Roosevelt,    ""he  Boy  and   Man. 


-99- 


birds  and   in  early  life   published   a  pamphlet  about   them.      He 
might  hive   t*;ken  a  place   among  the   out-of-door   ornithologists 
of  America  had  he   chosjen  bird    study  r.r  a  major   interest    but 
he   selected    the   life   of  big  animals  because    of  the   greater   field 
which   refined  unexplored. 

rtooeevelt  had   beer  criticised   for  killing  game  unneces- 
frily.      He  had   great   regard    for   the   preservation   of  wild  life 
hut  he  knew   it  was-  necessary  to   have    specimens   for    scientific 
research.      "There   should  be   no   collecting  except   for   an  adequate 
and    public   par post,    and    of   specimens   on   the  verge   of   extinction 
there   should   no    collecting   at   ill,    and   purposeless    slaughter 
committed  under  the  pretense   of  collecting   should  be   rigorously 
punished.       i.'ut   if  the   conditions  be    fulfilled,    it    is   as  neces- 
sary  to   collect   animals   for  museum   species  aa   to  kill   sheep  and 

1 
chickens  for  foodl        An  evidence   of  hii?   eagerness   to   keep   our 

natural   life      protected    from  win  ton  slaughter,    he,    while  Presi- 
dent,   established    the    firfct   I.ational    v.ird    Preserve,    on  Pelican 
Island,    Florida.      Altogether  he   established   fifty-one   reserva- 
tions  to  keep  diflerent    species   from  extinction. 

His   influence   in   natural  history   is  very   valuable.      lie 
developed   internet   in  out-of-door  life  and   paseed   it   on   to  high- 
er planes.      Father  Zahm    considered   that   science  had   lost   a  great 


-100- 


leader  when  Roosevelt   entered  upon  a  political    career,      iirander 
Uathewe,    ana    af   the  beat   American  contemporary  critics   of  liter- 
ature  claims   aoosevelt   should   have   chosen   the  writing  of  histo- 
ry   as  a  profession.      '*Hie  untimate   reputation  aa  a  man  of  letters 
•will   rest  moet    securely  upon  nie    stern  labors  aa  a  historian. 

His  "Winning  of   the   tfest"   is  an  abiding  contribution   to   American 

1 
historical   literature':        Lawrence   Abbott   says:      "On   the   political 

side   I    think  his  "iiaval  War  of  1812"    and  his   "Life  of   UOuverneur 

■  rrifi"   ouyht   not   to   be— and  will    not  be- 
As  nistorian.  2 

forgotten':      His  "Oliver  Cromwell"   and    "  Auto 

biotyraphy*'    rlace  his   among      the  biographers . 

i>ooeevelt  was  also   an  essayist.      Bum   of   his  works  are 
certainly  attistic   and  literary.      "Perhaps  his   chapter   on   "Out- 
door *njd   Indoor"    in  his  Autobiography   is  the  most    striking  il- 
lustratioxi.      In  fact   the   general    character    of  the  Autobiography, 
the   three  articles  describing  Arizona   experiences  in  1913  and 
his  paoere  on  History  and  Literature   all  -orove  his   place    among 

tssayists.      Just  after   the   publication  of 
As   an  Besayist . 

•History   and  Literature   and   otner   essays", 

a  critic  wrote:    "Despite   the   fact   that  he   is   too   earnest   and   en- 
ergetic   to   assume    successfully   the  discussive  manner   oi    a   typical 


1.  Hefer  to    Abbott*   Impressions  of  .Aoosavelt,    p.   130-2 

2.  Ibid. 


-101- 


essayist,    despite   frequent  repetitions  and  an  unresisted   tendency 
to   indulge   in  exhortations,    despite   occasional    extravagance   of 
statement  and   a  rcore   tfcan   ccc<3Bio;al   looseness  of   structure*    Mr, 
Roosevelt  has  not  merely    interested  us  by  his  essays,    tout  has  • 

left  ua  full    of  gratitude  and  high  admiration Lr.    Koose- 

vfit  is  always  and  everywhere  trying  to  make  hi  s.  fellov  men  see 
-  -  clearly  as  ne  sees  how  glorious,  on  the  one  hand  and  now  far 
from  perfect   on  the   other,    the   progreer  of  the  race  has  been. 

t  noble   opportunities   of  advancement  and   #hat  dire  peril  con- 
front  the  world   to-day,    what    splendid   promise    the    future  holds 

for  individuals  and   natior.3   that    seek    to   know  their  duty   and   to 
1 
•   it  fearlessly: 

Kooeevelt'a  addtesces,    essays,    editorials   end  miscellane- 
ous capers  are  not   always  litexaxj   in  subject,    but   he  has  used 
plnir.  direct,    forceful  English  without    thought  as   to    the    style. 
In   these  we  have  the   thought  of  1st,  essayist,   high- 

minded   preacher   of   strenuous  lif»2,    ''hriai tanity   th^.t  ha*   cour- 

to  make  itself  felt,    one-hundred   per   cent . American  and 
military  DreDarcdne  sg.      In  these   iioosevelt  gives,   a  f*>ir   sum- 
mary of  his  philosophy  of  life   -j?id   his  conception  of  -nublic   and 
individual  morality.      One   of  his  critics   said:    *Mr.   Moosevelt 


1.      independent,    76,    1013,    p.   92. 


-102- 


is  in  some  ways  the   literary  descendant  of  fienj amine    Franklin. 
There  is   the    same   frank,    crude,    sensible  materialism,    the    same 
indifterence   to    some   of   the  finer   shades   of  thought,    the   same 
whole-hearted,    healthy  patriotism,    the   same   innate  respect  for 
justice   and  order,    the    same  preference  for   action  over    specu- 
lation,   tne    s-.me  apothtsis  of   the   common-place    necessary  virtues 
of  courage,    self-control,    industry  and  honesty.      And   if  we   are 
sometimes  annoyed  by   the   "cocksureness"   which  runs   through   the 
whole   strain,    we  must  remember  that    self-confidence   is   the 
characteristic   American   quality,    and    that   no   one  would  really 
be   accepted   as  a  leader  or   spokesman  by  any  large  body  of  people 

of  the    'ni ted   states  who  was  not  liberally  provided  with   tnat 

1 
useful   ad.lunct   to    success  in  a  hesitating  world? 

^oosevelt  was  a   successful    public   speaker.      In   every 

auctress  he  had   something   to   say   and  was  vitniiy   interested   in 

getting   it  over   to   hie   audience.      He   spoke   as  one   American 

talking  to   his  fellowmen  upon   subjects   of  interest   to    all   alike. 

These   addresses  were   of   such  value   that   they 
Addresses. 

were   preserved   and  are  placed  witu  hi*  other 

literary  contributions.      A   speech  which   deserves   special   men- 
tion because  of   its   contribution  to   citizenship,    was   that  made 


1.      Living   Age;    2fc8:    p.    558,    1911. 


-103- 


in  Paris,    April   23,    1910.      Roosevelt  gave  a  lecture   *t   Sorbonne 
which  was  an  appeal    to   the  highest   type   of   citizenship  based 
UT>on   individual   and   social   conduct.      "The   success  of  republics 
like   yours  and  like  ours  means   the  glory,    and   our  failure   the 
despair   of  manhood;    and    for  you   and   for  us   the   question  of  the 
quality  of   the   individual   citizen   is   supreme.    ......      I    speak  to 

a  brilliant  assembly.      I    speak   in  a  great  University,   which  rep- 
resents the   flower  of  the  highest  intellectual   development;    I 
pay  all   homage    to    intellect;    and   yet   I  know  1  have  the   assent 
of  all  of  you  present  when  I   add  that  more   important   still   are 
the   commonplace,    everyday  qualities  and  virtues','     He   then  em- 
phasized  those   qualities  which  we  have  discussed  under  his   theory 
of  citizenship.      In  his   straight  forward  waj  he  attacked  race 
suicide  whiota  was  a  growing  problem  in  France.      "Even  more   im- 
portant  than  ability  to   fight  at   need,    is   to   remember   that   the 
chief  of  blessings  for  any  nation  is  that   it   shall  leave   its 
ssed   to  inherit  the  land.     It  was  the  crown  of  blessings  in 
Bibical   times;    and   it   is  the   crown  of  blessing  now.      The  greatest 
of  all   curses  is  the   cyrse  of  sterility,    and  the  severest  of  all 
condemnations  should  be  visited  upon  wilful   sterility.     The  first 
essential   in  any  civilization  is  that  the  man  and  the  woman   shall 
be   father  and  mother  of  healthy   children   so    that   the  race    shall 


-104- 

1 
increase   and  not   decrease:      He  praises   the   man  who   toils  against 

forces  which   strive   to   pull  him  down.         'It   is   not   the   critic 
who   counts;    not   the  man  who  points  out  how   the    strong  man    stum- 
bles or  when  the   doer  of  deeds  could  have   done   better.      The   cred- 
it belongs   to   the  man  who  is  actually  in   the   arena,    whose   face 
is  marred  by  dust,    sweat,    and  blood;   who   strives  valiantly;   who 
errs  and   comes  short  again  and  again-  because   there   is    no   ef- 
fort without  erxors  and    shortcomings-     but  who   does  actually   st- 
strive  to   do    the  deeds/       Who  knows   the  great   enthusiasm,    the 
grea+    devotions;   who      spends  himself  in  a  worthy  cause;  who   at 
the  best,    knows  in   the   end   the   triumph  of  high   achieving  and  who 
et   the  worst, if  he   fails,    at   le^st  f  ^ils     while   daring  greatly, 
so   that  his  place    shall    nerer  be  with   thoee   cold  and   timid   souls 
who  know  neither  victory  nor  defeats        In   the      same   speech  he 
states  his  opinion  on  various   subjects,    such   as   the   relation   of 
labor  and   capital   and    the  dangers  of  extreme    socialism  based  on 
class  war.      This  address  had  an   influence  upon    French   public 
opinion.      One  of   the  leading  daily  newspapers  of   Paris  printed 
fifty   seven   thousand   copies  of   this   address  and  had    them  dis- 
tributed   to   every   school    teacher   in    Erance.      The   Sorbonne   ad- 
dress helped   to  destroy  $he  power  of  the   international    socialists 
who  were    striving  in  the   early  days  of  the  war   in  behalf  of  a 


-105- 


a  peace  between    France   and    iiermany.      If  France  had  given   over  t 
to   the  will   of  the   international    socialiste   she     would  have  been 
loet.     Thru  hie  addresses,    uooscvelt  gave   the  people  renewed  en- 
ergy and  vigor.     He  stimulated  better  citizenship  abroad  as  well 
as  in  hie  own  beloved  country. 


-106- 


PART      III. 

THEODOHE  ROOSEVELT'S   THEORY  AED  PRACTICE   FROM 
THE  POIiiT    OF  VIEW    OF   CIVIC   EDUCATION. 
CHAPTER     I , 

Objectives  in  Training  for  Citizenship. 

The  practical   examples    to    be   found   in  the  lives  of  men 
who  have   shown  themselves  worthy  of  emulation,    are   the  most  po- 
tent  factors   in  directing  the   educational  work   of   the   republic. 
Those  who  practice   civic  righteousness  become    the  models   for 
the    study  of  better  citizenship.      Roosevelt   comes  well  within 
this  class.      He  was   interested   in   the    schools  of  the   country  and 
voiced  himself  thus:    "The   nation^  most  valuable   asset   is   the 
children;    for  the   children   are    the   nation  of   the  future.      All 
people   alive    to    the   nation's   need    should  join  together   to  work 

for  the   moral,    spiritual,    and   physical  welfare   of   tne  children 

1 
in  all   parts  of   tne  land?        Sincethe  hope   of  a  nation  lies   in 

the   children   the   question  arises,    can  Roosevelt's  contribution 

l 
to    theory  and   practice   of  civic   education  be   of  use   in  the   train- 
ing of   the   youth    to   live   the  fullest  and   best   life   possible, 
both   as  an  individual    and   as   a  worthy  member   of  our  American  democracy, 


1.        ueorgia   t    tate   uuildg.   Jamestown  Ex.    June   10,    1907. 


-107 


"The  stability  and  future  welfare  of  our  institutions  of 

government  depend  upon  the  grade  of  citizenship  turned  out 

1 

from  our  public   school1!      The 
Training  in  citizenship 

the  most  important  work  American  school   is  concerned 

of  the    school . 

with  the  problem  of   socializing 

individuals  in  accordance  with   American  ideals.      Democracy  cnn 
be  made    safe   only  by  intelligent  and  moral   citizenship;    conse- 
quently  the   training   for   such  citizenship  is   the   most   important 
work  of  the    school.      "Of  course,    in  any  of  our  American  institu- 
tions of  learning  even  more   important   than  the  production  of 
scholarship   is  the    production  of  citizenship.      That  is   the 

most  important    thing   that  any  institution  of  learning  can 

2 
produce?        Up  to   the   time   of   the  World  War  we   often  assummed 

that    students  would  get  citizenship  incidentally  as   a  part  of   the 
rest  of   their  work.      But   now  we  realize  more  geneially   that   ev- 
ery  teacher   should  have  before  her  certain  objectives   or   ^oals 
that    should  guide  her   in  educating   the   youth   for  a  place    in 
democracy.      These   objectives   as  worked   out   in  Dr.   Lange's   sem- 
inar,   fall  undtr    three  main  headings,    namely,    knowledge,    feeling, 
conduct.      Our  -problem,    then,    is  to    see   if  .Roosevelt's   contribu- 
tion to    the   theory  and   practice   can  be   of  use    in  realizing   the 

1.  Address  at  Philadelphia,    Pa.    Uov,    22,    1902. 

2.  Leland    Stanford,    Jr.   Univ.    Palo    Alto,    Calif.   May  12,    1903. 


-108- 


raajor   objectives  in  training  for  citizenship. 

The  greatest   service   an   individual    can  render   in  a  dem- 
ocracy  is   to  be   an  example   in  any  position  ranging   from  the 

humblest   to    th»t   of   the  highest.      The   life   a 
An  example.  citiz€n  leadB   is  determined   in  a  large  meas- 

ure  by   the   conception  or   theory  he  has  of  citizenship.      The   pri- 
mary inspiration  of   a  pupil   in  becoming  a  worthy   citizen  is   to 
have   a  hero    for  an  example-      The  nany-sided    kooeevelt    stirs  up 
in  youth   a  desire    to   rmulate  hie  patriotic  motives.      Koosevelt 
did  not  leave  his   theory  in  doubt  but   as  we    saw   in    Part   I  .he 
gave   it   to   the  world   as   a  code    of  beh  Trior   and   in  Part   1 1,  that 
he  practiced  well  his  theory  of   citizenship. 

vnowledge   is  power.      To  be   a  good  citizen  requires  an 
enlightened  mind   particularly   in  regard   to    social   afiairs. 
"Education  may  not  make  a  good   citizen,   but  most   certainly 

ignorance    tend 6   to   irevent  hie  being  a  good 
Knowledge .  1 

citizen?        In  hie   theory  of  citizenship  Hoose- 

velt  gives,    in  words    suitable    for   the  understanding  of  youth, 

full  conceptions  g>f   the   terms  brotherhood,    equality,    freedom, 

and    social   justice?      These   concepts  may  be  used  by   teachers   in 

connection  with  various   subjects,    especially  history  and   civics. 

1.  Address  at  the   University  of   Pa,    Philadelphia,    Pa.    Feb .22,    05, 

2.  i\efer   to   Part   I  .Theory  of    Jitizenship,pp.l-8. 


-109- 


An  understanding  acquaintance  with  the  creed  of  Amer- 
ican democracy  is  the  first  step  toward  effective  membership  in 
American  society.   The  meaning  of  government  and  the  relation 

that  exists  between  the  gov- 
The  creed  of  American  democracy. 

ernment  and  the  citizen 

enables  the  individual  to  enter  upon  his  duties  with  foresight 

and  well  directed  effort.   In  speaking  of  being  familiar  with 

the  history  of  our  country,  Roosevelt  says:  "I  wish  that  our 

people  is  a  whole,  and  eepecialiy  those  among  us  who  occupy 

high  legislative  or  administrative  positions  would  study  the 

history  of  our  nation  not  merely  for  the  purpose  of  national  self- 

Kratification  but  with  the  desire  to  learn  the  lessons  that  his- 

1 
tory  teaches  us?    The  teacher,  in  giving  instruction  with 

reference  to  the  structure  and  function  of  American  national 
government,  can  point  to  the  life  of  hooeevelt  as  a  man  who  was 
so  interested  in  the  promotion  of  government  that  he  studied 
every  field  until  he  often  knew  more  than  those  in  charge  of  these 
special  field 8  of  the  government. 

The  action  of  the  individual  in  the  group  life  is  stres- 
ed  in  the  words  of  the  following  quotations,  •  Jjundamentally  for 
weal  or  woe  we  are  knit  together;  we  shall  go  un  or  go  down  to- 
gether, whenever  a  deed  is  done  by  an  American  which  reflects 

1.    At  Annapolis,  Maryland,  April  24,  1906. 


-110- 


credit  upon   our   country,    each  of  us  can  walk  with  our  heads  a 

little  higher   in  consequence,    and  whenever  anything  happens 

through   the  fault   of  any  of  ue   that   ia  discreditable,    it   ia   dis- 

1 
creditable    of  us  more   or  less? 

*Decade  by  decade,    it  becomes  more   and 
Interdependence. 

more   necessary   that,    without    sacrificing 

their   independence    individually,    the   people  of   this  country   shall 

recognise    in  more   efiective    form    tieir  mutual    interdependence 

and   the   duty   of   safe   guarding   the   interests  of   each   in  the  ul- 

2 
timate  interest   of  nil? 

"All  of  ue  here  are  knit  together  by  bonds  wnich  we  can 
not  sever.  Pr  we^l  or  for  woe  our  fater  are  inextricably  in- 
termingled.     All    of  ue   in  our   preeert    civilization   are   dependent 

uron   one   another   to   a   degree    never  before  known   in  history  of 

3 
mankind   ar.d    in   the  long   run  we  are   going   to    go   up  or   down   together? 

Continued   progress   in  group  life  hinges  upon  the    connec- 
tion between   the   preceding  and   the    succeeding  activity   of   the 
past   and   present   groups.      In  as  much  as  we  build  upon  the   past 
it   is  necessary  that   the    school    open   to    the   youth   a  correct  view 
of   the  past   and    the  present.      To-day  we        are   determining  what 
shall    exist   in  the    future.      This  can  be    stated    in  iioosevelt's 

T~.     At  Danville,    Va.    Sept.    9,    1902. 

2.  At  Jamestown  Exposition,    June   10,    1907. 

3.  At   Topexa,    Kansas.    Kay  1,    1903. 


-Ill- 


utterances.      "Any  work   done  by   any  man  must   largely  have   its  in- 
fluence,   not  upon  the  life   of   that  man  but   upon  the  lives  of 
those    coming  after  him. 

"Y/e  who  did   not  fi^hl   in  the   Civil   War  have   reaped   the  un- 
measurable  benefit  from  the   courage   and    self  devotion  of  those 
who  did   fidfct oo   if  we   of  this  generation  do   our 

duty  -when  face   to   face  with   our   speciTl    problems,    our 

1 
frhildr'en,    and   our   children's   children   shall   be  better   fit   for   it? 

ftooeevelt   furnishes   a   concrete 
National   consciousness. 

example   of  constructive  work 

which  challenges    the    thought  and   ambition    to   aspire   to   even   bet- 
ter  things   for   future  generations.      Evidence   is   to    be   found   in 
the   acts   passed    during  his  administrate  on    ,    such  as   the    creation 
of  the   Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  and   the  Bureau   of  Cor- 
porations;   the   law  authorizing   the   building  of  the   Panama   Canal, 
the   Pure    Food   n.nn   y«at  Inspection  la.?s;    the   law   creating    the 
Lureau    of   Immigration;    the  Employers  Liability  and    bafety   Appli- 
ances  laws, that   limited   the  working  hours  of  employees;    the   law 
waking   the    Jo vernment  liable   for   injuries   to    its  employees   and 
the  law  forbidding  child  labor   in   the  District   of  Columbia. 

Feeling   as  well  as  information  is   essential    for   correct 


1.      At   jyster  Bay,    u,    Y.    July  4,    1906 


-112- 


attitude.   Civic  intelligence  unaccompanied  by  proper  civic 
not.jvPH  and  ide-tle  is  dangerous.   "If  a  man  is  not  decent,  is 

not  square  and  honest,  then  the  posses* ion  of  ability  only 

1 
serves  to  render  him  more  dangerous  to  his  community1!   Intel- 
ligent citizens  are  not  always  good  citizens.   "If  an  educated 

man  is  not  heartily  American  in  instinct  and  feel- 
reeling. 

ing  and  taste  and  sympathy,  he  will  amount  to 
2 
nothing  in  our  public  life:    Youth  is  a  plastic  and  formative 

age  and  the  teacher  has  a  very  delicate  as  well  as  a  rer^  impor- 
tant problem  before  him  in  helping  the  youth  to  cultivate  proper 
civic  motives  and  ideils. 

It  is  essential   to   develop   the   feeling  of   so- 
ciability, that  is,  not  mere  fondness  for  companionship  but  also 
fitness  for  companionship.   It  means  a  friendly  relationship 

with  fellows,  a  consideration  of  their  welfare 
Sociability. 

and  a  desire  to  cooperate  with  them  for  the 

common  good:   The  teacher  can  get  valuable  material  from  Koose- 
velt,  the  threat  democratic  instructor.   He  had  mucn  to  say  about 
genuine  fellow-feelings,  the  understanding  and  sympathy  of  each, 
for  the  other  regardless  of  birthplace,  religion  or  creed.   He 
insisted  that  man  know  his  neit^ibor  regardless  of  rank  or  posi- 
tion.  "In  addition  to  mere  obedience   to  the  law  each  man  to 

1.  At  i,orthfield,  Lass.  Sept.  1,  1902. 

2.  American  Ideals,  p.  45. 


-113- 


be   a  really  good   citizen  must    show  broad    sympathy  for  hie 
neighbor  and  genuine    desire  ~o   look   at   any  question  arising  be- 
tween  them  from   the   standpoint   ol    the   neighbor  no   less   than 

1 
from  his  own';        iioosevelt   is   an  excellent   example   for   those    stu- 
dents who  have   a   tendency   to   be   snob  Dish.      In  him  $hey  hare   an 
illustration  of  a  man  who  had    everything   to  make   a   snob  of  him 
but  who  w3s  broad  minded   and  a   democratic  mixer  with  all   fellows, 
making  himself   fit  for   companionship  and   for  getting   the  most 
out  of  companionship  with   others. 

He    speaks   directly  and   finally  to    those  who   feel   that 
education   somehow  confers     a   special   distinction  which   relieves 
them  from  doing   their  part  in  the   community,    or   in  the   nation. 
He   says:    "Your  education,    your   training,    will   not  confer   on 
you   one   privilege   in  the   way  of  excusing   you    from  efiort  or   from 
work.      All   it   can  do   and  what   it   should  do,    is   to  make  you  a 
little  better   fitted   for   such   effort,    for   suca  work;    and   I    do  not 
care  whether   tnat   is   in   business,    politics,     in  no  matter  what 
branch  of  endeavor,    all    it   can  do     by   the   training   you  have   re- 
ceived,   by   the    advantages  you  have   received,    i s    to    fit   you    to 
do   n   little  better   th«i  the   average   man   that  you  meet.      It  is 
incumbent  upon  you   to    show   that    the   training  has  had   that  effect. 
It   ought    to   enable   to  jemfekfi   you   to   do   a  little  better   for 

1.        Message    to    Congress,    Dec.    5,    1905. 


-114- 


yourselves,    and    if  you  have   in  you   souls   capable  of  a  thrill   of 
generous   emotion,    souls  capable   of  understanding  wiiat  you   owe 
to  your   training,    to   your  alma  mater,    to    the   past   and   the  pres- 
ent   that  have   given  you  all   that   you  have.*,     if  you  have   such   souls 

it  oucht   to  make   you   doubly  bent  upon  disinterested  work   for  the 

1 
State  and   the   liation? 

The  learning  of   the  importance  of   cooperation  for  the   com- 
mon good  is  beautifully  illustrated  by  the  life   of  uoosevelt. 

In  him  we   find  a  man  capable   of  originating 
cooperation. 

an  idea  and   setting  up  of  ideals.      He  was 

able   to  use  the   cooperative   aid   of  others  for  accomplishing 

ideals.      In  his  addresses  time   and  again  he  brings  out   the 

fact   that   in  a  government   such  as  ours,    work   can  be   accomplished 

only  by  cooperation  with  followmen.        "The   only   safe  way   of 

working   i&   to   try   to   find  out   some   scheme  by  which   it   is  possible 

2 
to  make   a  common  effort   for   tne   oonaon  good'.' 

In  American  citizeiisnip,    wj   can   succeed  permanently  only 
upon   the  basis  of   standing   shoulder   to    shoulder,    working  in 
association,    by  organization,    each  working  for  all,    and   yet  re- 
membering  that  we   need  each   so    tc   shape   things   tnat   each  man  can 

develop  to     best   advantage  all   the   forces  and  powers   at  ais 

3 
command!        "Kan  can  not  afford   to  lose  his  individual   initiative. 


1.  At  Palo   Alto.    Calif.   May  12,    1903. 

2.  At  Ji^ngor,    Taine,    August   27,    1902. 

3.  At   Chattanooga,    Tenn.    Gept.§,    1902. 


-115- 


his  individual   will   power:    but  he   can  best  use    that  power   if  for 

1 
certain  objects  he  unites  with  his   fellows: 

Unless   the   youth  has   faith   in  American  democracy,    espe- 
cially with  reference   to   the   future  he  has  a   feelin^of  despair 
and    distrust.      Roosevelt  himself  possessed    to    such  a  great   degree 
the   confident  hone   in  the  natiorfs   future    that  he  felt    that    she 
must   ever    strive   to   fit  himself  for  a  great  destiny.      "I    believe 
thnt   every  man  who  has   the    inestimable   privilege   of  living  here 
in  our  free  land    should   feel   in  his   soul,    deep   in  the  marrow  of 
his  being,    that   not  only  nre  we  bound    to    act  juetly  and  honest- 
ly and  honorably  as  a   nation  for  our  own  sakes,    not  only   nre  we 
bound    so    to    act   for  the   saxe  of   the    children  who   are    to   come   af- 
ter us,   but  we   are   also  bound   thus   to   act  because   all   over   the 

world    the   peoples  are   looking  eagerly  at   this  great   experiment 

2 
in  popular   government?        Again  he    says:      "I  believe   in   the    fu- 
ture—not  in  a   spirit  which  will 
"Faith   in  the   creed   of 
American  democracy.  set  down  and   look   for   the   future 

to   work   itself  out— but  with  a  determination   to   do   its   part 

3 
in     making  the   future  what    it   can   and    should   be  made*.'      Juch 

utterances  helo  the   youth   to  realize    that  democracy  is   not   a 


1.  At   Sioux   Fall.        oouth   Dakota,    April  6,    1903. 

2.  ueali^able   Ideals,    p.    123. 

3.  At  Banquet   of   Spanish   War  Veterans,    Detriot.   Fich.^ept.22,02. 


-116- 


gift  handed   down   from  our   fathers,    nor   a   thing   that   exists  at 
present,    but   rather  a   goal  more   or   less  remote,    ^n  ideal   we   are 
striving  to  realize.   Koosevelt's   teaching!*    spurn  the    creed  of 
failure   and   distrust.      He   shows  the   youth    that   th*  future   is  his 
if  he  hut  have   the  manhood    to   grasp   it  and  by   so   doing  awakes 
a  masterful   energy  and   resolution.      Roosevelt   challenges   the 
young  people   of   to-day   to    bear   themselves   so    that   the   nation's 
future  will   ever    surpass  the   glorious   past. 

,:oys  and   girls  readily  develop    the    spirit   of  loyalty   to 
their  athletic   teams  and    to    tneir   school    but   they  need    to    en- 
large   that   loyalty  and   extend   i  t    to    the    Stfttt    and    the    Kstion. 
itoosevelt  especially  exemplifies  loyalty    to    the    principle,    all 
for   each   and   each   for   all,    not   only    in   the    school   tut   in   the 
«t*te,    in    f.he   nation  at   large.      Tht    following   quotations  may 
be   of  use   to    the   youth  in  getting  a   clearer  coxiception  of  what 
loyalty  really  means. 

"The  loyalty  that   counts  is   the   loyalty  which   shows   it- 

1 
self  in  deeds   rather   than  in  words: 

"Shame   to   our  people  if   they   evei    come   to   pay   loyalty   to 

2 
cast   or   class  ahead   of  loyalty   to   good  citizenship? 

"An  American  citizen's   first  loyalty  is  duo   to   the 


•1.      At  Banquet    of -atf:  Society  of    Sons   of  American  devolution, 

Washington,    D.    C.    May  2,    1902. 
2.      Kealiz^tle    Ideals,    p.    17>4. 


-117- 


nation  and   to  his  fellow  citizens   no  matter  what   position  they 

1 
occupy  as  long  as   those   fellow   citizens  are   decent  raen2 

One  way  of   cultivating  patriotism  in  the   present   is  by 
keeping   alive    the    leraory  of  what  we   owe   to    tiie   patriotism  of 
the   past.      All   schools  now  have   libraries  and  whether   they  are 
large   or   small,    they   are   richer   and    render   a  more   valuable   ser- 
vice  if   they  contain  the  works  of  Kooeevelt.      ais  *ork&   are   pa- 
triotic,   not  partisan,;   his   speeches  are    those 
Patriotism. 

whicn   embody  a  broad  and  full  national    spirit. 

Hi s  books  give   a  fair  and  human  presentation  of  all    the   inter- 
eats  and   activities   of    society   in   such  a  way  as   to   be    attractive 
and    instructive.      In  f^ot,    his   addresses  arid  meeyagey   form  a 
most  important  contribution  to   the  history  of  his   time,    for   they 
are   the  works  and   thoughts  of  a  man  wno  had    th&   largest    share 
in  his  day  in  directing  the   course  and   fortunes  of  his  country. 
His  works  reveal    the   aims  and   the  iueals  of    the    average  man  and 
the  average  woman  of  his  own  generation.      i'hey   give  frank  views 
on  politics,    citizenship,    arid   organized    social   and   economical 
life.      These  views  are  ^iven  with  honesty  and   fearless   truthfulness. 
i*ot  only  do    they   reveal    the  nistory  of  his   time   but   also   portray 
the    activities  of  this  country  for  more    than   a  century.      This  makes 
his  works  of  great  value   as  references  as   they   give      the    facts. 


1.      realizable    Ideals,    p.    135 


-118- 


His  works  have  not  only  nistoric  value,    they  are   examples  of  lit- 
erature also.      While  criticism   can  be  made    to    some   extent  upon 
hie  unconventional    phraseology,    at  the    same    time   he  adopted   the 
method   of  the  best    contemporary   English   speakers, that   of  stating 
in   a  direct,    conversational   manner,    certain   things   they  wish   to 
say.      for   the  most   part,    his   speeches  and    addresses  were   sponta- 
neous utterances   of  a  trained  mind   inspired  by   strong   convictions, 
and  full  of  historic  knowledge    and   public    experience.      His   sen- 
tences may  not  be  well  polished   yet   they  are   forceful   in  express- 
ing deliberate  and   orderly  thought. 

True   democracy  requires    taat   taere   be  harmony  between  mem- 
bers  of   society,        A  sense  of  Justice   must   exist  before   such  a 
condition  can  be   realized.      The  ni&aest   form  of  justice  as  Roose- 
velt sets  forth,   is  where   there   is  harmony  of  re- 
Justice. 

lation^nip,   wuare   each  man  gives    the  best   that 

is  in  him  and   receives   from  his  fellow  men  their  best.      "Mankind 

goes  ahead   tut    slowly,    and   it   goes  ahead  mainly   through  each   of 

trying   to   do    the  best   tnat    ie   in  him  and   to  do   it   in  the    sanest 

1 
way? 

•After    all,   we  nre   one   people,    with   the    same   fundamental 

characteristics,    whether  we   live   in  the   city  or   in  the   country, 

in  the   est  or  in  the  west,    in  the  north  or  in  the    south.     Each 

of  us,    unless  he   is   contented   to    be   a   cumberer  ox    the   earth's 


1.        At   Symphony  Hall,    Boston,    Aug. 25,    1902. 


-119- 


surface,   must    strive   to   do  his  life  work  with  his  whole  heart. 

jfiach  must  remember   that   while  he  will  be  noxious   to    every  one 

unless  he   first  does  his  duty  by  himself,    he  must  also    strive 

ever  to   do  his  duty  by  Ms  fellows.      The  problem   of  how   to   do 

1 
these   auties  is  acute    everywhere? 

The    teacher  has  a  wealth   of   illustrations   in  the   life   of 

Koosevelt.      These    show  how  he   tried    to   bring  about,    to    the  best 

of  his  ability,    a  condition  in  which  every  man   should   receive 

a  square  deal.      Along  with   the    square  deal    is   the  obligation  or 

responsibility.  The    sense   of  civic   responsibility  can  not 

be  over   emphasized   in  our  present 
Civic   responsibility. 

life   especially.      The   school   affords 

ample  opportunity  to   bring   the  youth  face   to    face  with   the   re- 
alisation that   it  is  highly  necessary  for  him   to   assume   a  re- 
sponsibility to    society  and   to   learn   the  limits   of  his  own 
rightful    actions,    such   as  keeping  up  with  his  personal   Droperty 
in  relation   to   other  property  and  manifesting  helpful    care   for 
the   prorerty  of  others.      This  action   gives  healthful    civic   com- 

TtAnity  progress.      "The  upbuilding   of  any  part   of  our   country   is 

1 
a  benefit   to   the  wholeU        What  Koosevelt  has  to    say   concerning 

the   power  and   responsibility  of   the   average   citizen   can  be  used 

in  helping   to   instill    the   idea   of   civic   responsibility.      His 

works   are    a   splendid   reference   for  debates  on   civic   and   political 

1.      At   bangor   Vaine,    Aug.   27,    1902. 


-120- 


issuea. 

Individual   character  can  never   progress  by   the   individual 

simply  knowing  and   feeling  what   is  good   to   do.      A   eltiswB  must 

think,    feel   and  act.      As  iiooeevelt   says;    "The 
Conduct . 

rulee   of   good   citizenship  are   tolerably   simple. 

The   trouble   is  not   in  finding   them  out;    the    trouble   is  living 

1 
up   to    the*  after   they  hare  been   found   out? 

Courage   is  mors  easily  developed   in  youth    than   self-control* 

but   if    youth   is   courageous   und   can  not  control  himself  he  is  a 

dangerous  person,      oelf-control    is  an  asset  to  be  developed   in 

each   individual.      Physical    and  mental   con- 
self  -control . 

trol   determine   a  person's  chance   of  making 

a  good  or  a  bad   citizen,      xioosevelt  very   emphatically   states   that 

real   liberty,    freedom,    and   responsible    self-government   can  come 

a 
only  to   pe- pie  who  are   capable   of  mastering   tnemselves.      Again 

he    says:    HI   want    to    eee   th~    average  American   a  good  man,    an  hon- 

S 
est  man,    and  a  man  who   can  handle  himself,   well  under  difficulties? 

In  youth   is  the   time   to  develop   self-reliance.      Children 

must  be   trained   to  have   confidence  in  their  ability   to   do.      So 

one   can  make   a   success  of  life   if  he   contin- 
Self -reliance, 

ually  imitates  another  or   leans  upon  tha 

shoulders  of  die   companions.      Koosevelt   is   a    concrete   example 

1.  At  Charlestown  Exposition,    April,    1902. 

2.  Remarks  at    L",t  .1  ntricks   Church,    Washington,    D.C.    Nov.  20, 1904 . 

3.  Kefer  to  PAkT  I.   p.    7. 


-121- 


of  a  m*n  who  depended  upon  his  ability  to   act.      He  was      so 
self-reliant   th^t  he   even  coined   new  words  and  phrases  when  he 
could  not   find    those  which   exactly  expressed  his  thought.      He 
enriched   the  vocabulary  with    "square  deal",    "strenuous  life", 
"big   stick ?    "malefactors     f  great  wealth?    "hyphenated  Ameri- 
cans?   "undesirable  citizens?    "rarlor   socialist?    and    "rose-water 
reformers" 

Tolerance   is  essential   in  a  democracy,      its  cnief  demand 
is    tne  understanding  cf  other  people   «?nd    sheir   opinions.      Tol- 
erance   for  others      is   especially   necessary  when 
Tolerance. 

all  are  putT,in^  forth  ef torts  for   the   common 

good.        "There    should  be   no    yielding  to   wrong;   but    there    should 

most   certainly  be   not   only  deeire   to   do   right,    but   a  willingness 

each   to    try   to  understand   the  viewpoint   of  his  fellow,    with 

whom,    for  weal    or   for  woe,    hie  own  fortunes  *re   indissolubly 

1 
bound" . 

It  would  be  hard    to   find    a  more   adaptable   character  than 

that  of  iioosevelt.      He  developed   a  great   deal    of  his   ideal   of 

conduct  by    spending  much   of  his   time   in  the 
Adaptability. 

field  and  woods.      He  led    the   free  life  which 

is    the  heritage   of   every   free   /merican.      The"many-sided   hoose- 

velt*is  an  example   of  a  man  who   was  jaok-of-all- trades   and   a 

1.      Address   to   X^ew  York   Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the   State   of  i«ew 
Hew  York,    November  11,    1902. 


-122- 


master   of  many.      He  made    such  a   success  of  hie  life  bec^uoe  he 
was  able   to   adapt  himself  to   each    situation.      He   treated   each 
new  condition  he  met  as  if   it   furnished  an  opportunity   to   learn, 
and   contribute   the  best   possible   thought   toward  making   something 
good  out  of  it.      He  did   not   think   it  best   to   discard   a  thing   sim- 
ply because   it  did   not  harmonize   entirely  with  his  ideas.      In 

"s  T»uch   as  others  had   to    share   it   too   they   should  have    some    share 

should 
in  saying  what  Abe   and  he  w*s  willing   to   compromise  by  respecting 

tneir  views   to  a  liberal   extent. 

Where   there   is   strong  competition,    such   as  we  have   in   this 

country,    there   is  need  of  initiative.      This   initiative   must  be 

developed   in   the   child   in  early  life    so    that   it  may  become   alert 

to   the  opportunities   that  offer      promising     fields  of  activity. 

It  is  only  by  arousing  and   directing   the   pow- 
Initiative. 

ers   of  tne    child   that   the   school   can  give   it 

a  chance   to  meet   the   conditions  it  will   find  after   it  leaves 

school,      i-.ooseveit   says;    "The   only  way   tb   get   good    service   is 

1 
to   give   somebody  power   to  render   its      He  means  by   this  to   give 

opportunity   for  the  individuil   or  group  of  individuals  to  use 

the   power  which   they  possess.      He   is   a   splendid   example  of   a 

rmn  whs,    through  his   initiative,    sought   nn  opportunity   to  use  his 
-Ower.      It   takes  will   nower   to    succeed.      Out   of   a  weak   child 


1.      Autobiography,    t>.88. 


-123- 


he  made  a  powerful  man;  out  of  half -blindness  he  made  a  boxer, 

a  constant  render,  a  good  shot;  out  of  a  liking  for  authorship 

rather  than  a  talent  for  it,  he  «ade  a  voluminous  writer.   Otit 

of  a  voice  and  manner  never  meant  for  oratory ^e  made  a  speaker; 

out  of  a  sense  of  duty,  he  made  a  soldier;  out  of  a  soldier,  a 

governor;  out  of  a  governor,  a  vice  president,  and  out  of  a  vice 

1 
president  a  President? 

Instruction  in  obtaining  and  maintaining  good  health  is 
a  vital  part  of  civic  education.   Health  promotes  progress. 
Fhysical  devela "merit  must  go  hand  in  hand  with  mental  development 
in  order  that  we  may  have  active  men  and  women  for  the  civic  du- 
ties.  The  school  must  start  with  the  child  and  build  and  fashion 
It  for  producing  the  necessary  energy  required  for  life's  work. 

The  way  in  which  hoocevelt  developed  him- 
self  physically  in  early  life  and  in  man- 
hood, the  attitude  he  took  townrd  physical  development  as  brought 
out  in  FART  II.  furnishes  a  most  valuable  and  inspiring  example 
of  how  surplus  energy  may  be  developed.   His  attitude  toward 
play  is  very  wholesome  ac  it  points  out  the  aim  and  use  of  play. 
"Play  while  you  play  and  work  while  you  work;  and  though  play 
is  a  mighty  good  thing  remember  that  you  had  better  never  play 
at  all  than  to  get  into  a  condition  of  mind  where  you  regard 
play  as  the  serious  business  of  life  or  where  you  permit  it  to 

1.  Qt,    street,  J.  "The  most  Interesting  American. 


-124- 


hamper     and  interfere  with   your  doing  your  full   duty  4n  the  re- 

1 
al   work   of   the  wofcldS        A  student   should   not  get   into    the  habit 

of  hurrying  through  work   that  he  might  get   at    some   favorite  game 
for  he  will   likely.  Blight  his  work..      Work  \ixe  play  is  a  means 
to   an   end    and   both  have   trteir  place  In  trie    scheme   of   tne   day's 
r>rogr* 

Roosevelt  approved   athletics  because  he  believed    they 
were   a  constructive   force   in  building  up  a  good   citizen.      "I  be- 
lieve in  at.iietics;   but  I   believe   in   them  chiefly  because   of   the 

2 
moral   qualities  that   they   display?        fie  used  his  efiorts  to 

make     football   a   test  of  alertness,    skill   and   energy,    not   a  dis- 
play of  brutal    force,      He   considered   trie   training   the  boys  receiv- 
ed   in  doing   teamwork,    in  developing   the   power  of   self-control 
and    the   enjoyment   received   from  the  rush   and   tussle  was  an   excel- 
lent method  of  preparing   for   the   best   conduct   in  life,      itoosevelt 
would  have   tae  world  remember    tniB   It  sson    which   is   to  keep  a 
sense   of   proportion,      tie   considered    sports  prooerly  managed  a 
means  for  developing   not   only  mind   and  body   but  as  he  has   said 
so    often  wnat   is  infinitely  more    important-   character. 

We  may   sum  up  in  general  by  saying  the   Koosevelt's   theory 
anri   practice   is  worthy  of   a  place   in  forming  the   character   and 


1.  At        irv.ard    _nion,    ¥eb.   23,   1907. 

2.  At  Owmenccment   of   >ieergetown  College,    June   14,    1906. 


-125- 


life  work   of   the   pupil   because  he    sets  forth  clearly  the   object- 
ives  of  citizenship,    namely:       (a)    knowledge,    the  understanding 
of  American  democracy    in  practice,    the   acquaintance  with   asso- 
ciated  living  and    acquisition  of   the  requisite   mental    attitude 
necessary   for  consciousness  of  a  national   action;      (b)      feel- 
ing,   such  as   sociability,    disposition  to    do    teanr.  ork   for   the 
common  good,    faith   in  the   creed   of  American  democracy   especially 
with  reference   to    the   future,    inclusive  loyalty  rooted   in  the 
principle —   all   for   each, and   each  for  all;      sense   of   fair  play 
an^   justice,    sense    of   civic   responsibility;    (c)    conduct,    self- 
control,    self-reliance,    tolerance,    adaptability,    initiative, 
surplus   energy    for   all. 


-12b- 


CHAPrSH   II. 

ROOSEVELT'S   APPRECIATION    OF   THE 
3CH00L   AJBD   ITS   TEACHERS. 

Teachers  h-<ve    the   opportunity   to   develop  a  better    stand- 
ard  of  citizenship   and   a  more    thorough  appreciation  of   the 
rights  and   duties  on   individuals   and   of   the   possibilities  of 
the  government,      Roosevelt   says:    "There   is   no   profession  in   this 
country    quite   as   important   as   the   profession  of    teacher,    rang- 
ing from  the  college   president   right   down   to    the  lowest   paid 

teacher   in  any  one    of  our    smallest   country   public    schools. 

1 
There   i s   no    other  profession   so    important?        Again   speaking   in 

appreciation  of   the  value   of   the  teacher  he    says:    "uo  body  of 

public    servants,    no   body  of    individuals   associated   in   private 

life,    are  better  worth   the   admiration  and  respect   of   all  who 

value   citizenship   at   its   true  worth,    than  the  body   composed   of 

the   teachers   in  the   public    schools  throughout   the   length   and 


1.        Realizable    Ideals,    p.    56. 


-127- 


breadth   of   this  nation.      They  have   to   deal   with   citizenship  in 

the   r«»w  and    turn   it   out    something  like   a   finished   product!! 

The   teacher  in  the   public    school   has   the   responsibility 

of   training  not   only  the    intellect   but   also   character.      "You 

who   are   training   the   next   generation  are   training   this   country 

as   it    is   to  be  a  decade   or  two 
Training  in  character. 

hence;    and   while   you  work   in   train- 

ing   the   intellect  is  great,    it   is  not    so   great   as  your  work   in 

training   character.      More   than  anything  else    I   want    to    see   the 

public   school    turn  out   the  boy  and    the  girl,   who   when  man  and 

2 
woman  will    ada   to   the    sum  of  good  citizenshio   of   the   nation? 

In  every   school    of   superior   type   it   is   the    teacher  who   is   tne 
source   of  moral   inspiration  and   guidance.      x<o    selection  of   stu- 
dies,   no    system   of  organization,    and   no   refinement   of  method, 
can  h^ve   the    same   influence   in   training  in  character  as   the 
personal   example   of  moral    character  of  the   teacher.      "The   train- 
ing rri^en   in   public    schools  must,    of   course,    be   not  merely  a 
training   in  intellect,    but   training  in  what   counts  for   infinite- 
ly more    than   intellect,  —   a  training   in  character.      And   tne 
chief  factor   in  that   training  must  be    the   personal    equation  of 
the   teacher;    the   influence   exerted,    sometimes   consciously  and 
sometimes  unconsciously,    by   the  nan  or  woman  who    stands  in   so 

T".       i;':iress    ->t    Philadelphia    P^  .  ,  i,ov  .22  ,1902  .  ■ 

2.      Address   to   iembers  of   trie   national   Educational   Association, 
./sshington,    D.C.    #eb.2t>,    1008. 


-128- 


peculiar   a  relation   to    the  boys   and   girls  under  nis   or  her   care- 
a  relation  closer,    more    intricate,    ?ind  more  vital    in  its  after- 
effects   that   any  other   relation    save    that   of   parent   and    child. 
7/herever   -    burden  of   that  kind  is   laid,    those  who   carry   it   nec- 
essarily carry  a  great   responsibility.    There   can  be   no   grentex*! 
Speaking;  directly   to    the   teacher  with  regard    to    character  he 
s^ys:    "  Gome times  you  can  develop  character  by  direct  inculcation 
of  lonl    rjrecppt;    a  great  deal   more   often  you  cannot.        You   de- 
velop it   less  by  precept   than  by  your  practice.      Let   it   come  as 

an   incident   of   the   association     with  you; 
The   teacher. 

as   an   incident    to    the  general    tone   of  the 

whole  body,    the    tone  whicn   in   the   a^regote  we  alt    create. 

Is  not   tnat   the   experience   of  alL    of  you,    in  dealing  witn   tnese 

children  in   the    school,    in  dealing  witn   them  in   the   family,    in 

dealing  with   them   in  bodies  anywhere?     They   are   quic*   to   take 

the    tone   of   those    to  whom  tney   look  up,    and  if   they  do   not 

look  up   to    you    then  you   can  preacn  virtue   ali    you  wisn,    but   the 

2 
efiect  will    be    small? 

iioosevelt    continually   emphasized   that   any  work  wortn  do- 
ing  should    be   approached   in  a   spirit  of   sincere   love   for  work, 


1.      M"ress  at    Philadelphia,    Ta.,    Kov.   22,   1902. 

9.      It    M    h      School,    Philadelphia,    Ta.      :ov.   22,    1902. 


-129- 


and   a  desire    to    do   it  well    for   the  work's   sake.      "Doubtless 

most   of  you   remember   the   old  distinction  drawn  between  the 

two   kinds  of  work,    the  work  done   for   the    sake   of   the   fee  and 

the  work   done   for   the    sake   of   the  work   itself.  The  man  or 

woman   in  public    or   private    life  who    ever 
His  attitude 

works  only  for   the    sake   of    the   reward   that 
comes  outside   of    the  work,    will   in   the   long  run  do   poor  work    . 
The  man  or   the  woman  who   does  work  worth  while   is   the  man  or 
woman  who   lives,    breathes   that  work;    with  whom  it   is  ever   pres- 
ent  in  his   or  her   soul;   whose   ambition  is   to   do   it  well   and   to 
feel   rewarded   by  the   thought  of  having   done   it  well.      That  man, 
that  woman,    puts   the  whole   country  under   an  obligation.      As  a 
body  all   those   connected   with   the   education  of  our  people   are 
entitled    to    the  heartiest  praise   from  all   lovers   of  their 

country,    because   as   a   body   they   are   devoting   heart   and    soul    to 

1 
the   welfare   of   those   under    them? 

It   is   necessary  for   the    teacher  to   understand    that    talking 

counts  for  little  unless  backed  up   by  practice,    lioosevelt  express- 

his    opinion  thus;    "I   do   not  believe   in   teaching  what   cannot  be 

2 
practiced1!        "I   would   not  have   you   preach   an   impossible   ideal, 

lor   if   you   preach   an   ideal    that    is   impossible   you   tend    to   make 

your  pupils  believe    that   no   ideals   are        possible,    and    therefore 

1.  Address  at   Philadelnhia,    Pa.    i.ov .    2$, 1902. 

2.  Address   to    the   iielieiious  Education   Association,    ,Aash.ye0.12,08, 


-130- 


• 


you   tend   to   do   them   the  worst  of  wrongs   to   teach  them  to   divorce 

preaching  from  practice,    to   divorce   the   ideal    that   they  in  the 

1 
abstract  admire   from  the  practical    good   after  whicn   they   strive? 

hoosevelt   insists  that   preaching  does   not  count   if   it  is  not 

tacked  up  by  practice.      He    says:    "remember   that   the   preaching 

does  not  count  if  it  does  not   conform   to   practice.      There   is  no 

good   in  your  preaching    to   your  boys   to    be   brave,    if  you   run 

away.     There   is  no  good  in  your  preachi.^  to    them  to   tell    the 

2 
truth  if  you   do   not;        The   teacher  needs   to   guard   agiinat  mere 

theorizing  for   "no   matter  how  beautiful 
Freaching  if 

versus   practice.  the   theory  is,  Ait  won't  fit  in  with  facts 

3 
it  is  of  no  good?        The  teacher  must  be  practical   and   tench  the 

youth   to   be  practical    if   their  ability   is   to  be  of  use    in   the 

wor*'   af  the  progress  of   their  country,      hoosevelt  expresses  it 

well  wnen  ne    says:    "If  a  man  is  not  practical,   he   is  of   no  use 

4 
anywhere? 

He  believed    a  readjustment    of  values  was   needed    in   the 

country   and    that   the   readjustment   could  be    brought   ibout  mainly 

thru   the   teichere   in  our  public    schools.  speaka  directly  to 

the   teicaer  when  he  says:    "Teach   the  boy  and  girl   to  workj    teach 

them    that  their  proper  duty  is   in  the  home;    their   duty   to   one 

1.  Adaresa   to    the   i.atiorinl    educational   Association,    tfasn.  Keb  .2t>,08. 

2.  Address   at    Philadelphia,         ,      ov.    22,    1902. 

3.  Adnress  at   Oyster  i3ay,    i,.    Y.  Aug.    16,    1903. 

4.  At   for tl and,    :aine,    Aug,    2b,    1902. 


-131- 


wnother   and    toward    their  neighbors.      Then   teach    them  more;    teach 
them  to   build  upon   this   foundation   the    superstructure   oi"   the 
higher  life.      I   want   to    see  our  education  directed  more   and 
more   toward   the   training  of  boys  and   girls   back    to   the   farm   and 
shop,    so    that    they  will  be   first  rate   farmers,    first   rate   me- 
chanics,   fit   to  work  with   the  hands  and   realizing   that  work  with 
the  hands  is  just  as  honorable   as  work  witn   the  head.      In  addi- 
tion,   I   want   to    see  a   training   that  will   make   every  boy,    every 
girl   leaving  tne   public   achools,    leaving  the    scnools  of   the   na- 
tion,   feel   impel lei    so    to   carry  himself  or  herself   that   the   net 
result,    when  his  or  her  life    shall  have  been  lived,    shall   be   an 
addition  to   the    sum  total    of  decent   living   and    achievment   for   t 
the   nation,    and  have    them  understand   that   they  are  never   ^oing 
to   amount   to   much  in  the  big   things  if   they  don't  first   amount 
to   something   in  the   little  things.      The  effort    should  be  Tiade 
to    teach   every  one    that   the   first   requisite   of  good   citizenship 
is  doing   the  duties   that  are   near   at  hand.      But   of  course    this 

does  not   excuse   a  man  from  doing   the   other  duties   too 

ile  ought   to   add  decency   in  home   life,    decency   in   politics,    de- 
cency in  public   life 

"Our  children   should  be    trained   to   do    the  homely  duties   in 
the   first  place,    and   then  in  addition  to  have   it   in  them  so    to   car- 
ry  themselves   that   collectively  we   may  well  and   fitly  perform   the 
great  and  responsible   tasks  of  American   citizenship': 

1.      Address    to   national  Educational   Assn,    V/ashington,    i<'eb.2o,190t3. 


-132- 


lioosevel^    lad  no    eympathy  with   the   attitude   taat   some 

teachers   take   of   play,     what  he  desired  was  to  have  children 

given  op •  ortunity  to   enjoy  pl^y   and  work  happily  and   cheerfully. 

But   they  can  not   do    so    if   they  are   obliged    to  play  a  a   their 

elders   think    they   should   play.      He      did   not   believe      that 

teachers   should   insist   that   the   child  play   in   such   a  way  as 

to    train  the   "child  mind 2   The  child  must   enjoy  as  well    as  play. 

ko;-  did  he   approve   of   teacher  a   insisting 
His  view  of  play. 

that   book   learning  run   tnru    -^11  hours 

of  the  day.      Lessons  as  lescont   are    to   the   average    student   a    task, 
The   teacher  who   is  constantly  requiring   stud   nts   to   carry  home 
piles   of  books   in  order   to   keep  up  with   the   class  work 
is  doing  a  wrong  to   the    them     and   to    the   nation  because   the    stu- 
dents will   not  have   time   for  honest,    robust   play,    the   kind   which 
lite    tharufor   their  life  work,  recreation  has  its  place    in  the 
day's  program.      If   the   child   is   so   crowded  with  work    tnat  he   is 
compelled    to   pour  over   the   printed   page   both  in   school    and  out 
of   school   in  order   to   fulfil    the   requirements  of  the    teacher 
who   is  pushing  him  alon&   in   the  mad   rush   for   education  he   can 
not  help  but  develor*  into   a   one-sided   person.      A  neglect  of   the 
physical    nelf  makes   youth  develop  into   a  person  unable   to   bear 
his  own  weight.      The  m4nd  grows   sick   in  a   sick   body.      uotn 
should   be  kept  healthy  by   taking   care   of   both. 


-133- 


i\0   school   can  really  tie  a   school  without   proper  play- 
ground.     It   is  a  necessary  part   of  every   school.      The  more   play- 
grounds we  h^ve   and   the  more   they  are  properly  used   means  more 

healthy  citizens,      uood  health  is 
Value   of  playgrounds.  the   first   consideration  for  prepar- 
ing the   child   for  eflicient  work. 
•It   is  a   poor   type   of   school    nowdays   that  has  not  a  good   play- 
ground  attached I    think  we  realize  wnat  a  good  healthy 

playground  means   to  children.      1    think  we  understand   not  only 
the   effects  for  good  upon   their  bodies,    but   for  good  upon   their 

minds.      We  need  healthy  bodies.      We  need   to  have   scnools  proper- 

1 
ly  pnysiCTlly  developed"        He  would  nave    teachers  come   into   act- 
ual  contact  with  life   and   if   they   are   so   in  love  with    their  work 
that  it  becomes   the   one   nnd   only    laought   they  are   committing  a 
^reat   crime  by  driving   the  undeveloped  child  into  mental  work 
beyond  his  years.      He  urged   flexibility  and   serenity  of  mind  on 
the  part  of   the    tencher   for  it  has  rnucn    to    do   T?ith   the   re^l 
progress  of   the  pupil. 

Hoosevelt  urged    tVie  living  of  a   strenuous  life.      By   that. 
he  meant   «;   life  of  work,    or  life  of  efiort   for  worthy  causes. 

What  he  has   to    s^y  concerning  going 
The   strenuous  life. 

after   things   that  are  worth  while   in 

life   instead  of  pursuing   trifles  is  applicable   to   teachers  and 
1.      Address   at    iigh   school,    Philadelphia,    Pa.    i.ov.22,1902. 


-154- 


stu'lents  alike,      otrenuous  life  dot? a  not  mean  nervous  hurrying 
scout   but  rather  a  life  of  vigor.      The   teachers  has  the  opportu- 
nity  to  help  the  youth  develop  habits  which  will   relieve  hire  of 
much  responsibility  in  accomplishing   tasks.       iabit  plays   such 
an   important   part   in  our   lives  and   especially  in  the   period   of 
youth   th^t  we  can  not  neglect   them.      If  the  youth   can  train 
:inbitB   to   become    servants  to  him  ne  will   not  lose   so   much  valua- 
ble   time   in  thinking  what      to   do   next.      The   strenuous   life   is 
a  great   factor   in  accompli  shin*,   this,      iioosevelt   is  a   good   exam- 
ple  of  ■  man  who  made  habit  his   servant,      tie  learned    this   secret 
of  effectiveness,    and   this  was  why  he   could    accomplish   so   much 
without  nervous   strain.      If  the  teacher  helps  the  youth  to   devel« 
op,   like  ivoosevelt,    the  power  of  habit  and    the  determination  to 
nccomplish   something,    to    turn  out  a  great  deal   ol  good  work, 
she  has  rendered  an  invaluable   service   to    the   youth  and   the 
n«ti*n.        3ince   leading  a    strenuous  life   means  devoting   self   to 
some  work   that    is   interesting  and  worth  while,    trie   teacher  has 
a  very   large   opportunity   to   accomplish   .ureat  good   in  devoting 
himself  or  herself  to   training  children  physically,    intellectu- 
ally a4id  morally. 


-135- 


CHAPTFH    III. 

ROOSEVELT*  i>  OOi<ThIBUTIOft   TO   TSACH^HS 
AMD  PUPILS  AS  Q.UGTED   PivOK  HI 8    KQt&S. 

The  prodem  of  having   to  kee~)   intftfett   Tlive   on  the   part 
of   the  learner   if.  hard    to    solve.      Interest  ie   recognized    lore 
end  more   a3  the  guiding, forceful    power   th^t  keep3  alive   a  desire 
to  know  more   of   the   things   .vhic  i   contribute    to  the   possibilities 
of  rising  to   nigher   levels.      The   inspiration   of  the   T>»st   and 
present   promot  human  action  to   acquire   preparation  of  real    ser- 
vice   to    their  fellow  men.      Professor  Home   put  it   thus:      Inter- 
est   in  one   of  the   great  words  in  education,    tecauFe   it  removes 
tfru'-Vgery  from  the   school,    puts   the  motive  porer  of  the   feelings 

at    tilt   disposition  of   the  teacher,    and   is   the   immediate   of  all 

1 
€loc?tion'2  ice   interest   is  of   so  nucn    inportance,    the   question 

arl0«s,  ho-*    3  an   it   be    got  ton?      One  way  ic  by   coming   in  touch  with 
the   living   forces  of  nen  nnd  women  who  have   achieved   great    suc- 
cess inn    serve   as  models.      .Such  men  in  our  country's  history 


1.        Home,    H.   H.    Psychological   Principles   of  Education, p. 191. 


-136- 


help  the  youth   to    see   the  remote  goal.      The   youth   as  well   ae  el- 
ders honor  the    statesmen   of  the  past  and    strive   to   live  over  a- 
gain  their  virtues.      The  memory  of  great  men   tends   to    serve  as 
a   spur   to   the   youth  of   to-day  to    act  as  well   as  did   the  men  of 
yesterday.      Therefore   it   is   fitting   to   have   a  classified  list 
of   quotations  which  nay  be  used  by  the    teacher  in   training  the 
youth   for  his  place   in  democracy,    and   at  the    sane   time   be   inter- 
esting and  pleasing   to    tic  pupil.      Honeevelt's  works  furnish  a 
p-plerd!*    source    for   ruch  quotations.      These  will  be   classified 
und<  r   the  headings:    Character,    Voral    qualities,      elf-reliance, 
uood   qualities,    uight,    Cooperation,    Courage,    Justice,    Americanism, 
Initiative     uonesty,    service,    Equality,    Ideals,    iiesponsibility , 
i/ork,   Education,    and  Books. 

List   of  quotations. 
Character . 
In  the  long  run   the  one  vital   factor   in   tne    permanent  pros- 
perity of  tne  country  is  the  high   individual   character  of   the 
average   American  worker,    the   average  American   citizen. 

(Message   to   first    cession   Fifty-ninth  Congres3,Dec.5,1905) 
Materially  we  must    strive   to    secure   a  broader   economic   op- 
portunity for   all  men,    so    that   each   shall   a*>ve   a  better  chance 
to    show  the   stuft   of  which  he   is  made,      spiritually   and  ethical- 
ly "*e  "lust    strive   to   brin;?   about   Class  living  and   right    thinking. 
Hie   appreciate   the   things  of    the  body  as   important  but  we  appreciate 


-137- 


also   that   the    things   of  the    soul    are  immeasurably ,  and   ever  must 

be,    tne  more   important.      The   foundation   stone   of  national    life 

is  and   ever  will  be,    the  high   individual  character  or   the  average 

citizen. 

(Laying  of   "orner   ..tone    ofxlce   Building  of  House  of 
representatives,    April   24,    190c). 

Athletics  are  good;    study   is  even   better,    and  bebt   of  all 

is  the   development  of  the  type   of  character   for  the  lack   of 

which,    in  an  individual    as  in  a  nation  no    amount  of  brilliancy 

of  mind   or   stren^tn  of  body  will    atone. 

(At   harvard    Union,    Feb. 23,    1907). 

A  vot^    is  like   a  rifle;    its  usefulness  depends  upon  the 

character  of   the  user. 

(Autobiography) . 

■o  it   comes  to  rendering   service,    th^t  which  counts 

c  liei'ly  is  not   intellect    so   muah   as   stands  above  raere   pcwer  of 

body,    or  mere   power  of  mind,    but  must   in  a   sense   include   them. 

and  is  character. 

(At  Hem   York   at   Banquet,    1902). 

All    public   achievement   rests  upon  private   character; 

the    stat*   Baa   rut  go   onward   and   upward,    t^e   nation   can   not  make 

progress,   unless   the   average   individual   is  of  tne   rijsht   type. 

iM*aliKablfc      Ideals,    p.    38). 


-138- 


Sach   talent-  the   talent    for  making  momy,    tiie    talent 
for   showing  intellect   at   the  bar,    or  in  any  other  way,    if  un- 
accompanied  by   character,    makes   the    possessor  a   menace    to    the 
f<vn~url+y.  (Hoosevelt  Doctrine,    p. 14). 

If  oral    quality. 

It  is  man's  moral  quality,  hie  attitude  toward  the  great 
questions  which  concern  nil  humanity,  his  clearness  of  life,  his 
power  to  do  hie  duty  toward  himself  and  toward  others,  which  re- 
ally  counts.  (Uesoage    to   Congress,    Dec.    5,1905)  . 

The  man  is  no   true   democrat,    and  no   American  is  worthy 
of   the   tradition  of  ni«   country  who,    in  the  problems  calling  for 
the   exercise   of   a    nor^l   judgment,    fails    to    take  his    stand   on 
conduct   and   not  on  class.      (Autobiography , p. 618)  . 

The  rmn  who   counts   is  the  man  who   is  decent   and  who  makes 
himself   felt   as   a   force   for  decency,    for   cleanliness,    for  civic 
righteousness.        (At  i..y.    At  Banouet,    19"2)  . 

With  righteousness  must  go  strength  to  make  that  righte- 
ouenes3  of   arall.      (At  Banquet   of    ^ons   of   Amer.    Kev.J.'ayml902) . 

Svery  earnest  and  zealous  believer,  every  man  and  woman 
who  is  *  doer  of  the  word  and  not  a  hearer  only,  is  a  life  long 
missionary    in  his   or  her   field  of  labor—  a  missionary  by   precept 


-139- 


and,    by  wh^t   counts  a    thousand   fold  more    thac   precept,    by   practice 
(At   Banquet     of    Society    of   .ions   of  Amer.Rev.   Vay,1902). 

What  we  need   most  in  this  Republic    is  not    special   genius, 

not  unusual   brilliancy,  but  honest   *nd   upright   adherence   on   the 

part  of   tie  mass  of   the  citizens   and   of  their  representatives   to 

the   fundamental    laws   of  private   and    public   morality— which  are 

now  what   they  have  been  during  recorded  history. 

(    Banquet   Society   of   ^ons    of   Amer.   Rev .  ./ash.D.C' ay  2,1902) 

$to  educated  man  can  afford   to   be   ignorant  of   the  Bible 

and   no  uneducated  man   can   afford    to   be   ignorant   of   the   jjible. 

(*-?aliz*ble  ideals, p.   69). 

Our     uccesa   in    striving   to   help  our   feliownen,    and   there- 
fore   to  helv  ourselves,    depends  largely  upon   our   success   as  we 
rtrive,    with  whatever    shortcomings,   with  whatever   failings,    to 
1« 'ad   our   liver  in  accordance  with   the   great   ethical   principles 
laid  down  in  the  life   of  Christ,    and   in  the   i.ew  Testament  writ- 
ings which    seek    to   expound   and   apply  his   teachings. 

(Realizable   Ideals, p.    89). 

Intelligence  and   ability  divorced   from  the  moral    instinct 

make   the  man   an   infinitely  dangerous  wild    ceast  whom   it   is   our 

of 
bualnes-    If  hunt   out  political   life,    and,    so   far   as  we   can,    out 

of  business  life   of   a  community.         (Realizable   Ideals). 


-140- 


1.0   one    sided   development   can  produce   really  good    citizen- 
ship as  good   citizenship  is  needed    in  America  to-day.      If  a  man 
has  not   in  him  the  root  of  righteousness-  if  he   does  not  believe 
in  the   practice  of  honesty,    if  fte   is  not  truthful   and  upright, 
clean,  rightminded,    fair   in  his  dealings   at   home   and   abroad— 
then  the    stronger  he  is,    the  abler   and  more   energetic  he   is, 

the  more  dangerous  he   i s  to   the  body   noli  tic. 

(    At   i.«.orthfiHld,    lass.    bent  .1 ,1902)  . 

All  our   extraordinary  material    levelopment,    our  wonderful 

Industrial  growth  will  go   for  nothing  unless    with   that   growth 

goes  hand    in  h^nd   the  moral,    the    spiritual    growth    that  will   en- 

ftble  us   to  use   aright   the   other  as  an  instrument. 

(Realisable   Ideals, p. 1). 

normally  we   must  be    content   if   each   of  us   can   do    soraething- 
not   all    thnt.  we  wish,    but   something—  for   the   advancement   of  those 
principles  of  riguteousnesc  which  underlie   all  real    national 
greatness,    all   true   civilization   and   freedom,    (noosevelt  Doctrine) 

In  the   unending    strife   for  civic  betterment,    small    is   the 
use   of  these   oeople  who   me-^n  well,    but  who  mean  well   feebly. 

v/ho   counts   i3   the   ."nan  who   is  decent   and  who   makes  him- 
self   felt   Tg    ■   force    for  democracy,    dewency   a;  d    for  cleanliness, 
for  civic  righ  teousaesB.      de  must   have    several  quali  ties;    first 
and   foremost,    af   course,    ha  -mast  be  honest,    he  must  have   the   root 


-141. 


of  right   thinking  in  him.      That   is   not   enuff .      In  the  next    place 

he  must  have   courage -nd   finally,    in  addition  to  bein^ 

honest   -*nd   brave   he  must  h^ve   common-sense. 

(Banquet   to    Dr.    Nicholas   Marry  Sutler, Apr .19,1902) . 

iielf-r^li-ince. 

II   an   American  is   to   amount    to    anything  he  must   rely  upon 
himself,    and   not  upon  the    ^t=>te.      He  must   take   pride  in  iiis  own 
work,    instead   of   sitting  idle   to    enjoy    the   energy   of  otaers,    ae 
must   face   life   with  resolute   courage,    win  victory  if  he  can,    and 
accept  def-f  t   if  he  must  without    seeking   to   pl^ce   on  his  fellow- 
men    the   responsibility  which   is  not    theirs. 

AIL    the   lawB  that    the   act  of  man   can   devise  will   never  make 
a  uian  t   worthy    citizen  unless  he  his  within  himself   the   rignt 
stuff,    unlesc  he  has   aelf-reliince,    energy,    courage,    the   power 
of  insisting  on  his   own  rights   and    the    sympathy  that  makes  him 
regardful   of  the  rights  of  others.         { Autobiography, p. 30) . 

Jood   qualities. 
Line -tenths  of  wisdom  is   to  be  wise   in   time   and   at   the   right 
time.         (Autobiography,    p. 548). 

Dai&g      iuty   well   is  what   counts.      The  man  who  does  not   care 


-142- 


to  do  any  *ct  until  the  time  for  heroic  action  comes  does  not 

do  the  heroic  act  when  the  time  does  come. 

(  anquet  ooeiety  L.one  or  Amer  Re v. Hay,  1902), 

If  you  meet  duty  well  you  f^ce  the  next  duty  a  stronger 

and  if  you  meet  it  ill  you  face  your  next  duty  a  weaker  man. 
(  iarvard  Commencement  Dinner,  June  25,  1902)  . 

Wit'a  both  men  and  women  the  prime  necessity  to  remember  is 

that  simple  duties  are  the  ao at  important. 

(Realizaele  Ideals,  p. 44). 

Let  us  remember  that,  our  success  in  accomplishing  anything 

depends  very  much  unon  our  not  trying  to  accomplish  everything. 

(Roosevelt  Doctrine , p .17) . 

The  worth  of  a  promise  consists  purely  in  the  way  in  which 

the  T>prfor<mnce  squares  *ith  it. 

( Symphony  Rail,  i  oston,  Aug. 253, 1902 ) . 

Remember  it  is  the  sensible  thing  to  speak  courteously  of 

others.  (At  Waukesha,  vis.  April  .3,1903) 

night. 

>t  we   need   as   a    nation,  is   to    stand  by   the   eternal,    immuta- 
ble  principles  of  right  and   decency,    the  principle   of  fair   deal- 
ing  as  between  man  and  man,    the   principles   that   tench  us   to   re- 
gard  justice   and  virtue  with  respect   and  vice  wit'n   abhorrence 

whenever   either  virtue   or  vice  nay   be    found. 

(At   City   Park,    Lit  Lie   ..ock.    Ark  , Oct. 25, 1905)  . 


-143- 


uood  can  often   oe  done  by  criticising   sharply  and   severely 

the  wrong;    but  excessive   indulgence   in  criticism  is   never  anything 

but  bad,    end   no    amount   of   criticism   can   in  any  way   take   the   place 

of  active   and    realous  warfare   for  the  right. 
(College    Graduate   and    Public  Life) 

We  ought   to   admire   intelligence   and   ability;    but  only 
when   intel  ii;,   n:  n   and   aoility   are   controlled  and   guided  by   the 
will    to   do   right,      (itealiznble   Ideals,    p.    108) 

If  we   are   to  advance   in  broad   huroinity,    in  kindnesB,    in 
spirit   of  brotherhood,    exactly  as  we    advance   in  our    conquest   over 
the  nidden  forces  of  nature,    it  must   oe   by  developing   strength 
in  virtue   and   virtue  in   strength,    by  breeding  And   training  men 
who    sh^ll    be  botn   good   and    strong,    both   gentle   and  violent— men 
who    scorn  wrong-doing  and  who  at   tne    s^me   time  nave    ootn   the   cour- 
age  and   strength    to    strive  mightily   for   the   right. 

(At  Carnegie   Ball,  yet. 26, 1903)  . 

There  is  no   experience,    no   evil,    that  out   of  i t  good 

cannot   come,    if  only  we  look   at   it   right. 

(Omaha,    i\eb.    April    27,    1503). 

Co-operation, 
t   more    thin  all   else  we   need   th-^t   the   average   MM)    shall 
have   in  him  the   root  of  righteousness   of  living;    that   the   average 
man   sh*»ll   have    in  him   the   feeling   thnt  will   make  him  ashamed 


-144- 


to   "Jo  wrong,    ^nd    that  will  make  him   fpel   his  "boundless  dutj  to 

help   tnose   that    are  weaker,    to  help  those   especially   tiiat  are 

in  any  way  dependent  upom  him,    ana  while   Jaot   in  any  way   losing 

his  powers   of   individual   initiative,    to   cultivate   the    further 

power  of  achieving   in  combination  with  his   fellows  for   the 

common  end   of   social  uplifting   and  good  govemement. 
(Adaress   in  j.ew   York   3ity,Fel;.14,1905)  . 

We  of  tl\n   United    Statta  must   develop   an   educational    sys- 
tem under  which  enca   individual    citizen   eh.*lL    trained    so   as   to 
he   efiective   individually   as  an  econo  lie  unit   and   fit   to   be   or- 
ganized wit.  his  fellows    so   that  he   and   the;'   can  work    in  effi- 
cient  fashion  together.      This  questi  on  is  vital    to   our   future 

progress,    and   public   attention   should  be    focused  upon   it. 
(Address   at  Lansing,    Hal  eh.   Kay   31,    1907). 

In  handling  problems  much   can   be   done   by   government. 
*hen  government  has   done   all   it    can    there  will    remain   as   the   vi- 
tal   af  all    factors    tie   individual    character   of   tne  avera&e  man 
and   average  woman.      i»o  governmental    action   can  more    than   sup- 
plement     individual    action.      There  must   be    collective   action  of 

kinds  distinct   from   irovernmental    action. 

(Au^otiOtsraphy,    p.175} 

Thoroughly  good   national  work  can  be   done   only  if  each 

of  us  works  hard    for  himself,    and   at   the    same    time   keep  constantly 

in  mind    that  ne  must  work   ir   conjunction  with   others. 
(At   Charlestown  imposition,    Anrjll902). 


-145. 


He  live   in  an    en  "hen   the   best  results   can  only  be   achiev- 
ed,   if   to    individual    self-help  we   add  mutual   self-help  waich 
comes  by  combination,    both,   of  citizens   in   their    individual    ca- 
pacities  and   of  citizens  working   through   the   State  as  an  invest 
ment.  (At  Bangor,    ¥aine,    Aug. 27,    1902). 

Courage. 

A  man  to  be  a   good   American  must  be    straight   and  he  must 

also  be    strong.      He  must  hate   in  him  the   conscience  whicn  will 

te^ch  him  to    see   the   right  and  he  must   also  h*ve  vigor,    tae 

courage,    and    the   nracti^al    hard-headed   common   sense  whica   enable 

him  to  make  his   seeing  right   result  in  benefit   to  his  fellowo. 

(At   liorthfield,    ^a»s.    Sept.l,    1902). 

There  ->re  mnny   quplitie*  rhieh  we   need   alike    in   the  pri- 

viitf    ni  *•  r.nd    in  the   publir  man,    but   thiee   above   all,— 

three   for  eaca  of  wnich   no  brilliancy   ind   no   genius   can  atone,— 

and    those   tnree   are   course,   honesty,    and   common   sense. 

(At   AntietaiJ,    Sept. 17,    1903). 

In  our  modern  life  we  have  found   it   absolutely  indispen- 
sible   to    supplement    the  worth   of  the   individual   by   the  worth  of 
individuals  gathered   into   an  association.      Aitnout   tne  work   of 
the   association  you    can  not  give   the  highest   expression  to   in- 
dividual   endeavor. (At   opening   Session   of  Military   burgeons 

Association,    June    5,    1902). 

t 

Justice 

the 
..'e  must  be   genuine,   we  must  help  our  poorer  brother   andAfirst 


-lob- 


ster*  toward    securing    justice      i  s   to     treat  every     man  on 

his  worth   as   a  man,    showing  no   special    favors,    but   so    far  as  may 

be  holding  open  for  him  the  door  of  opportunity   so    that   reward 

may  wait  urjon  honest  and    intelligent   endeavor. 

(Aaaress  at  Univ.    of  Pa.    Feb.   22,    1905). 

Our   aim     -nust  be   to   de^l   justice    to    each  man;    no  more   and 
no  lees.      This  purpose  must   find   its  expression  and   support   not 
merely  in  our  collective   action   thru   the   agencies  of   trie   govern- 
ment,   but   in  our    social    attitude   rich  man   and   poor  man  alike 
nuat    feel    (hat  on  one  hand   they   are  protected  by  l*w   and    on  the 
other  hand    they  are  responsible   to    tne  law;    for  each   is  entitled 
to  be    fairly  deilt  with  by  hi  a   neighbor  and   by   the   3tite;    and 
if  we   as  citizens  of  this  nation  are   true   to   ourselves  and   to 
the   traditions  of  our  forefathers   such  fair  measure  of  justice 
shall   3lw«ys  be   dealt    to    tacb  man;    so    that  as   far  as  we  can  bring 
it  about   each    shall   receive  his   dues,    each    shall  be   given   the 
chance    to    show  the    stun   that   is  in  him,    shall  be    secured   against 
wrong,    ana  in  turn  pre^enteu    from  wronging   others.      ..'ore    tnnn    that 

no  wn   is  entitle'    to      and   lest    than    this  no   man   shall   receive. 

(Kichmond,    Va.    Oct. 18,    1905). 

Our   ^ira  should  be   to    strive   to   keep    the  reign  of  justice 

"live   in  tne   country   so    that  we   sjtall   above   all    tilings   avoid    the 

chances  of  ever    dividing  on   the  lines   that    separate   one   class 

from  another,    one   occupation  from  smother. 

(At   Charlotte,    B.    C.    Oct .19,    1905. 


-14  7- 


Americanism. 

Americanism   is  not  a  matter  of  birthplace,    of   ancestry, 

of  creed,    of  occupation,    Americanism  is  a  matter  of  the   epirit 

that   is  within  a  man's   soul. 

(    Address   in  i,ew    York    City,    Kec.14 ,1905)  . 

#e  are   Americans,    and   that  means  that  we   treat    Americanism 

primarily   as   a  -natter  of    spirit  and   purpose,    and   in   tae   broadest 

sense  vr    rogard   every  'nan  as  a  good   American,    whatever  his  creed, 

whatever  'lis   birthplace  if  he    is   true    to    the   ideals  of    this   tternablle 
(At  Banquet   of   society  of    Sons  of    Imer.    tier,    ^,1902) 

ifjn  I    speak  of  Americanism   I   do  not  mean   to    siy  that   all 
the   things  we  do   are   all   right.      I   think   there  are  plenty  of  evils 
to    correct   and  that   often   a  man   shows  himself  all    the  more  a 
good.  American   because  he  wants   to    cut   out   any  evil    in  the   body 
politic  wnich  may   interfere  with   our   aprroaching   the    ideal   of 
true    Americanism.         (At   Augusta,    T'aine,    Aug. 26,    1902). 

Americanism  is   not   a  matter  of  creed,    or  birthplace   or 
descent.      That  man  is  the  best    American  who  has   in  him   the   Amer- 
ican  spirit,    the    American    soul.      ;5uch   a  man   fears   not   the    strong 
and  harms   not   the  weak.      He   scorns  what  is   base   or   cruel    or   dis- 
honest.     He  looks  beyond    the   accidents   of   occupation  or   social 
conditions  and  hails   each  of  his   fellow-citizens   as  his  brother 
asking  nothing   save    that   each   shall    treat   tae   other  on  his 
wnrtb    «is  a  man,    and   that    they    shall   ail  join   together   to   do   what 


-14  8- 


in   then   lies    tor   the  uplifting   of   this  mighty   and  vigorous  people. 
(Address    ei'ore   tne    friendly    ^ons  of   ^t. Patrick,    N .  Y. 
City,    Varcn   17,    1905)  . 

Initiative. 

Do   not  make   the  mistake   of   thinking   that   it   is  possible   ever 
to   call  in  any   outside   force    to    take   tae   place   of   the  man's  own 
individual    initiative,    tne  man's  individual    capacity   for   doing 
what   is  worth   doing.  (At  Dayton,    :.ast>.    ^ept.3,    1902). 

It  is  »  good   thing  to    act   in  combination  for   tae   common  &ood 
but   it   is  a  very  unheTlthy    thing    to    let   ourselves    tnin<c   for  one 
moment   that  anything  can   ever    supply   the  want   of  our   own  individ- 
ual watchfulness  and   exertion.      (At  Logansport,    Ind.    Ser>t  ,23,19o3) 

l*o    action  by  the    ot^te   c^n   do   more    than    supplement   the   ini- 
tiative of  the   individual    and   ordinarily   the   action  of  the   i^tate 
can  do    no  more    than    to    secure   to   each   individual    the   chance   to 
phow  under  m  favorable  condition  as   possible   the    stuff   that   is 
in  him.  (Koosevelt   Doctrine,    p.   18). 

Honesty. 
On  the  behalf  of  our   people,    on  behalf  no   less  of   the  honest 
man  of  means    than   to    the  honett  mar.  who   earns   t&ch   day's  lively 
ho -3d  hy    the    sweat   of  his  brow,    it  is   necessary   to    insist  upon 
honesty   in   business  and   politics   alike.    In   all   walks  of  life, 


-149- 


in  big  things  and   in  little  things;    ut>on  just   unci    fair  Aval log 
as   oetween  man   and  man.      (Autobiography,  p.  500)  . 

To   all   good   citizens   I   make   the   appeal    to    stand   for  hones- 
ty in  public  life  and   to    stand   for   the   creator  of  an  opinion  which 

shall   demand   decency   in   the   press  and   magazines. 

(Realizable   Ideals,    p. 153) 

One    feature  of  honesty  and    comnon   sense   combined   is   never 

to   -nrnnise  what   you  do    not   think    jou    can   perform,    and    then  never 

to   fail   to  perform  what   you  have  promised   and   that  ar-piles  to 

public  life   just   as  much   as   in  private   life. 

(At    Sltchburg,    ' ass.    Sept. 2,    1902). 

The   first   need  of  any   nation  is  intelligent   and  honest 

citizens.  (At  P-lo   Alto,   Kay  12,    1903). 

You   must  demand  honesty  or  you  are   not  men   and   you  murt 

do  honesty     or   you   are   not   decent  men. 

(Realizable   Ideal*,    p.   113). 

Woe   to  us   as  a  nation   if  we   do    not   have   the  hoiiesty,    the 
uprightnr  i I ,    the    desire   to    treat  with  vise   and  generous   and 
considerate  justice.      (Realizable   Ideal*;,    p,    121). 

e    shall   never  come    near   realizing   the   very   realizable 
ideal    of  honesty   in   business  and   public   life  until   are  make   it 
evident    thai    the    scoundrel   v/hom  we  hats  most   is   not    the    scoun- 
drel  who   fails  but   the    scoundrel   who    succeeds. 

(Realizable    Ideals,    pp.    26-7). 


-150- 


^ervice . 

The  first  indispensirle   prerequisite    to   bettering  your 

fellows  is   to   better  those    that   are   nearest    to   in  every   day   life. 

(At  Commencement  fix. of   Harvard   i!niv.,l90o) . 

Do   your   duty   to   your   neighbor;    try   to    serve  him   in  uody, 

try   to  help  him  in  body,    try    to  help  him  in   soul;    and   you  will 

thereby  help  your  own   aoul    far  more  efiectively  than  if  you   spend 

your   time   in  morbid    self- searching  about  merely  your  own   soul. 

Practice   steadily  the  doctrine   of  useful    service   for  others  and 

above   ill   for    those    nen.rcct   you. 

-   Commencement   of   the   national    cathedral    oCaool) 
Wash.   D.C   June  6,    1900. 

What  ever  your     work   io  do   it  well;    and   then  by   degrees  witn- 

out  hunting  for   them,    the   chances  v;ill   of   themselves  arise   fox 

each  of  you   to   do  for  more   than  common  place  duties,    to   do    the 

1H  n^    of  '"orV  which  our  educated  men  in  the       .et>ublic  must  do   if 

the  republic   is   to  rise  level   to   the   standards   set   for   it  by 

its  fathers   and   founders. 

(At   the  Commencement  of   Georgetown  College, June   14,1900) 

I  would    tell   every  young  man  that  it  is  his   fifcst  duty 

to   pull  his  own  weight;    to    tike   care  of  himself  snd    take  care 

of   those  dependent   upon  nira.      ile   cannot  do   anything  for  others 

until  he  has  first  made  it  certain  that  he  will  not  be  a  burden 

to   others.      I  want   to   set;  a  man   able   to   earn  his  own  livelihood. 


-151- 


I  w*nt   to    see    the  woman   able   to   do   her  part   as   a  housewife   and 
mother.      But   all  my  Plea  is  that,   trie  man    shall  not   be    content 
v^ith  merely   that;    the   man   shall  realize    tViat   after   a   certain 
point  has  been   reached    the   increment   of  his  fortune,    tae   incre- 
ment  of  his  material   well  being   amounts   to   but  very  little   com- 
pared  to   the   results  of   eftort    spent   in  other  directions. 

(Address   to    tae  neligious  Education  Association. 

Washington,    D.C.    5teb .   1?,    1908). 

Not  one   in   a  hundred   of  us  is  fit   to   be   in  the  highest 

8ex.se   i  productive    scholar,    but  all    of  us  are   entirely  fit   to 

do   decent    service    if  we   are    to    talc*    th€  pains. 

(.hew   york   banquet,    Columbia  Univ.,    1902) 

L\t  is  necessary  is  to   tell  boys   tnat   their   first  duty 

is   to   earn  their  own  livelihood,    to    suprort    themselves  and    those 

dependent  unon   them,    but  when   that   first   duty  has  been  performed 

there   yet   remains   a  very  large    additional    duty,    to  tae  way  of 

service  to   their  neighbors,    of   service    to    the   rest   of  mankind. 

(itealiz^cle   Ideals,    p.7). 

Equality. 
This  government   was  formed  with  its   i,asic   idea   the  principle 
of   treating  each   man   on  his  worth   as  a  man,    of   paying   no    heed 
to  whether  he  was   rich   oi    poor,    no  heed   to   his   creed   or  his   so- 
cial   stan-iing,    but   only   to   t  u    '*a|   la   which  he   performed  his   duty 
to  himself,    to   his  neighbor,    to    the    state.       aom  this  principle 


-152- 


we   can  not  afiord   to  vary  by  bo  much  ae  a  hand's  breadth. 

(Richmond,    Va.    Oct.    18,    1905). 

Ideal*. 

Have   a  high  ideal   and   try  to   realize   it,   measurably  with- 
in your  powers,    as,   unmeasurably  and  with   tremendous  power* 
Abraham  Lincoln  and  George   tfashington  strove  to   realize   their 
ideal  a.     Have  higu   ideals   ,    and   then  try   to   realize   them  practic- 
al  snape.  (Williams  College,    wiliiamstown,    Mass.   June  22,1905). 
I  believe   in  realizable   Ideals  and  in  realizing  tuem,    in 

preaching  what  can  be   practiced   and    then  in  practicing  it. 

(Autobiography,    p. 187) . 

I   prench   as  an  ideal   neither  to    txuckle    to   nor  hate   the 
■an  of  mere  wealth,   because   if  you   do   either  you   admit   your  infe- 
riority in  reference  to  him;    amd   if  you  admit  you   are  inferior 
as  compared   to   aim  you   are   no  good   American,    you  have  no   place 

in  this  republic .      ,  '     ,.      ,,      _  ,      ,  _'  , 

(Kealizable  Ideals,   p.   21). 

One   great   realizable   ideal    for  our  people   is   to   discourage 
mere  lav,-  honesty.      It  is  necessary  to  have   ^ood  laws  and   to   have 
them  well   inforced.      But   the  best  laws  and    the  most  rigid   enforce- 
ment will   not  by  themselves  produce   a  really  healthy   tyne   of  mor- 
als in  t.ie   comnunity.      In  addition  to   the  law  and    fcne    inforeeraent 

have" 
we  mustApublic   opinion  which   frowns  on  the  man  who  violates   the 


-153- 


Lpirit  of  the  law  even   although  he   keeps  just  witnin   the  letter, 

(iteali  stable   Ideals,    pp.   24-5). 

Bo    liatioi    ever  amounted    to   anything   if   it  did    not   aive 

within    it's  soul    the   power   of   fealty   to    lofty   ideals. 

(Kealizible   Ideals,    p.    32) . 

I.o   ideal   can  be   right  in  tnie  world  it   it    is   not  fitted 

to   be  used   in   this  world. 

(Realizable   Ideal  a,    p.    36). 


Kesponsibilit:  ■. 

If  you  neglect  to    prepare   yourselves   now  for   the   duties  and  re- 
sponsibilities whicn  will   fall  upon  you   later,    if  you   do   not   learn 
the   tilings  which   you  will   need  to   know  when  your    school-days  are 

over,    you  will    suffer   the   consequences. 

(To    school   children  of   the   United    ;jt*tea,    Apr. 15, 190?) . 

With   every  right   there  must   always  go   hand   in  hand   a  duty, 

and   no  man, and   no  nation,    can  permanently   enjoy  the  right   if  he 

or  it    shirks  the   duty.      With  every  privilege   there  must  go  the 

responsicility   of   exercising  the   privilege   aright. 

.(    uoted    from  Keynote   of   Theodore    Roosevelt,    ail-nan, 
n.    of   H.   46303:    15-S.    1912). 

The  man  who   does  best   in  this  world,    the  woman  who   does 
beat,    almost   inevitably  does  it   because      e    »i    she   carries   some 
burden.      Life   is  constituted   that    the  mar.   or   the  woman  who  har 
not   some   responsibility   ie  t?iereby  deprived    of  the  deepest  hap- 
piness  that   can  come   to   mankind,    because   each   and   ev^ery    one   of 


-154- 


us,    if  'ie   or   she   is   fit   to   live   in  the  world  must  be   conscious 

that  responsibility   always  rests   on  him  or  on  her. 

(At  Kount   St,   Alban,    flashing  to  n,3).C.    Oct.  2b,  1903) . 

Remember     you,    the   peonle   of   this  government  by   the   people, 
that  while   the  public   servant,    the  legielator,    the   executive   of- 
ficer,   the  judge,    are  not   ta  be   excused   if  tney   fall    short,   of 
their  duty,    yet   that   doing  their  duty   can   not   ivail  unless  you 

do  yours.  . 

(At  Presbyterian  Church,  Wash.  u.  0.,itov.l6,  1903). 

Work . 

The   life   that  is  wortn  livinfo,    th<    only  life   that   ie  worth 

living,    is        e  life   of  effort,    the   life   of  efiort    to    attain  what 

is  worth    striving  for. 

(Address  at   Frize-day  £x.at    Qratan    xaanl,     .una. 
March  24,    1904)  . 

A  man   to   amount   to   anything,    must  be   practical.      lie  must 

actually  do    taings,    not   t<Lk  about   doing   thenj  ,  least   of  all 

cavil   at   ho      taf y   ire    accomplished  by  those  who  actually  ^o   down 

into    the  arena  and  actually   face   the  dust,    and   the  blcod   and   the 

sweat}      who   actual].;/  trium-ohed    in   the   struggla.      The  man  nrrust 

have  the   force,    the   power,    the  will    to   accomplish  results/  but 

he  must  have   the  lift   toward   lofty   things  which   ah all  make  hi 

incapable   of   striving  for  aught  unless  that    ror  vhic^   ae    strives 

is   Bn*npt.Mng  honorable   and  high,    something  worth   striving   for. 

(Address  at   Gettysburg,    Pa»;    May   ?0 ,    1904). 


-155. 


The  Tital   things  in  life  axe  the  things  that  foolish  peo- 
ple look  upon  as  corn-no n  place.      The  Tital  deeds  of  life  are 
those   things  which  lies  within  the  reaeh  of  alt   of  us   to  do  and 

the  failure  to  perfom  which  means  the  destruction  of  the  state. 
(At  Montgomery,    Ala.    Oct.    24,    1905). 

The  citisen  that  counts,    the  scan  that  counts  in  our 

lifs,    is  the  man  who  endearors  not  to   shirk  difiiculties  hut   to 

meet  and  overcome   them,    is  the  nan  who  endearors  not  to  lead  his 

life  in  the  world' a  soft  placss,    not  to  walk   easily  and   take  his 

comfort,   but  the  man  who  goes  out  to  tread  the  rugged  ways  that 

lsad  to  honor  and  to   success,   the  ways  ths  treading  of  which 

means  good  work  worthily  done 

We  oan  all  he  good  citizens,  we  can  all  lead  a  life  of 

action,   a  life  of  endearor,    a  life  that  is  to  be  Judged  primarily 

by  tha: effort,    somewhat  by     the  result  along  the  lines  of  helping 

the  growth  of  what  is  right  and  deoent  and  generous  and  lofty 

in  our  sereral   communities,   in  the   state  in  the  Ration. 

(At  Lei and  Stanford  Junior  Unir.Palo   Alto, Cal .May  12,1903) 

The  man  who  attempts  much  must  -nake  up  his  mind  that 

thsre  will  now  and   then  come  days  and  nights  of  worry;   there 

will  come  ewen  moment e  of  seeming  defeat.     JBut  out  of  difiiculties 

we  wrest   succsss. 

(At  Augusta,    Maine,    Aug.   26,    1902. 


-156. 


at!  on. 

facts  tend   to  become   common  place,    and  we   tend  to  lose    eight 
of  their  importance  when  once   they  are   ingrained  into   the  life 
of  the  nation.     Although  we   talk  a  good  de~l  about    the     wide- 
epread  education  of  this  country,   I   question  if  many  of  ua  deeply 
conaider  ita  meaning.     From  the  loweat  grade  of  the  public   achool 
to   the  higheat   form  of  university  training,    education  in  thia 
eoun+ry  Is  nt   the  disposal   of  every  man.    every  woman,   who  chooaee 

to  work   for  and  obtain  it Each  one  of  ua  who  haa  obtained 

an  education  haa  obtained   aomethlng  for  which  he  or  ahe  haa  not 
personally  paid.    ......    .  ach  one  of  ua  then  who  haa  an  education, 

school   or  college,   has  obtained  something  from  the  community  at 
large   for  which  he  or  ahe  haa  not  paid,   and  no    self-respecting 
man  or  woman  ia  content  to  rest  permanently  under  such  an  obli- 
gation.     .,nere  the   Stmts  has  bestowed  education  the  man  who   ac- 
cepts it  must  be   content   to   accept  it   merely   as   a   charity  unless 
he   returns  it   to   *a«   ,»tate  in  full,    in   the    shape    of   good    citizen- 
ship. 

(At  University  of  California,   May  14,   1903)  . 

Those     among  you  whoso  bent  ia  toward   scholarship  as  a  ca- 
reer should  keep  in  mind  the  fact   that  such   scholarship  shouls 
bs  productive,    and  thsrefors  should  aim  at  giving  to  the  world's 


-157- 


stock  of  what  it  useful  or  beautiful,   and  if  you  work   aimply  and 

as 
naturally,   taking  advantage  of  your   surroundings  Ayou  find  them, 

than  in  my  belief  a  new  mark  will  be  made  in  the  history  of  in* 

tollectual  achievement  by  our  raoe. 

(At  Palo  Alto,    May  12,   1903. 

Most  emphatically  I   say  that  education  is  not  the  turning 
out  of  people  who  can  re -d, write  and  cipher,   yet  do   nothing  prac- 
tical.    Some  of  the  best  educated  people  I  know-  using  the  word 
with  reference   to  the  work   they  haws  to  do-  rend  but  little  and 
write  not  any  to">  well  but  they  con  do   their  work  right  up  to 
the  handle.     If  I  wore  asked,   on  the  other  hand,    to   pick  out   the 
uneducated  men  of  the  community,   I   should  include  a  great  many, 

white  as  well  as  colored,   who  hare  learned  to  read  and  write, 

them 
and  hare  thought  that  that  fact  excused  Afrom  learning  how  to  earn 

their  own  livelihood  and  become  good  cltisens. 

Tou  girls,    if  you   don't  learn  to  become  good  housewives 
and,   if  you  marry,    to   be  good  helpmates  to  your  husbands,  good 
mothers  to   your  children,    then  you  are  not  well  educated,    no  mat- 
ter what  else  you  know. 

You  men,    if  you  learn  all  that  any  institution  can  teach 
you  of  books  and  yet  are  not  able   to   turn  your  hands  to  useful- 
ness,   to  earn  your  own  livelihood  you  are  not  well  educated,   no 


-158- 


matter  how  many  academic  prizes  you   take. 

(At  Hampton  formal   and  Agricultural   I  net.,    Hampton,   Va. 
Hay  30.  1906). 

Education  is  good  chiefly  according  to  the  use  you  put  it 
to.     It  it  Uatktf  you   to  be  so  pufted  with  pride  as  to  make  you 

nderestimate   the  relative  values  of  things,   it  becomes  a  harm 
and  not  a  benefit* 

The  country  has  a  right   to  demand   the  honest  and   efficient 

service  of  every  man  in  it,   but   especially  of  9fxy  man  who  has 

had  the  advantage  of  right  mental   and  moral    training. 
(College   graduate  and  Public  Life). 

When  you  come  into   science,   art,    and  literature  remember 
that  one         fivst-class  bit  of  work   is  bstter  than  one   thousand 
pretty  good  cits  of  work,    that  as  the  years  roll  on  the  man  or 
woman  who  has  bsen  able  to  make  a  master  piece  with   the  pen,    the 
brush,    the  pencil,    in  any  way,   has  rendered  a  service   to  the  coun- 
try  such  as  not  all  of  his  or  her  compeers  who  merely  do  fairly 
good   second-rite  work    can   ever    accomplish.      Only   a  limited  fSimbsr 
of  us    can  ever  "become    scholars   or  work    successfully   along  ***• 

lim»s  T  have    moVen  of,    but  we  can  all  be   good  citisens. 

(At  Leland  Stanford  Junion,   Univ.   Palo  Alto,    Calif. 
May  12,    1903). 

Books. 

Books  are   almost  as  individuals  as  friends. 
(Autobiography,    p.   309). 


-159- 


Any  reader  ought  to  cultivate  hie  or  her  taste    to   that  good 

book*  will    anneal    to   it,    and  that   traah  won't. 
(Autobiography,   p.   260). 

Th»  statesman,    and   the  publicist,    and   the  reformer,    and  the 

agitator  for  new  things,    and  the  upholder  of  what  Is  good  in  old 

things,    all  need  more  than  any  thing  else   to  know  human  nature, 

to  know  the  neede  of  the  human  soul,    and  they  will  find   this 

nature  and   these  needs  set   forth  as  no  where  else  by  the  great 

imaginative  writers  whctier  of  prose  or  poetry. 

(Autobiography,   p.   361}. 

There  are   tens  of   thousands  of  interesting  books,    and 

some  of  then  are   sealed  to   some  men  and   some  are   sealed  to  others 

and   some   stir  the    soul  at   some  given  point  in  a  man's  life  and 

yet  convey  no  message  at  other  times. 

(    Autobiography,    p.   363). 


-160- 

BIBLIOGhAPHY. 

Addresses  and  Books  by  Theodore  uoosevelt. 

Address  at  the   reception  at   the  White   House,  national    educational 
Association  of  U.    S.,   1908,    pp.   212-214. 

American  Ideals,   Review  of  Reviews  Co.,   1910. 

Applied  ethics,    Cambridge,    Harvard   University,   1911. 

A  BoMc-lovers  Holiday  in  the   Open,   2.   Scribnwr'e  Sons,    1916. 

An  Autobiography,    MacMillan  Co.,    1913. 

Hunting  the   uriiz?,^  and   Other   Sketches,    review  of  Reviews,    1910. 

Hunting  Trips  of  a  Ranchman,    Review  of  reviews,    1910. 

Theodore   uoosevelt* s  Letter   to  his  Children,    ed.  by  Joseph 

-ichop,    C.    scribner's  Sons,    1919. 

The   «av**l   far  of  1S12,    Review  of  Review*,    1910. 

The   kew   nationalism,     jutlook    Co.,   1910. 

Outdoor   Fast  time   of  an  American   Hunter,    C.    Scribners'    Sons. 

Presidential    Adrtreeeee  and    state   Papers,    Vol.   13-20,    neview  of 
reviews,    1910. 

realizable   Ideals,    \7hittaker,    and  ha;;-  in   Co.,    1912. 

roosevelt   Doctrine,    Comn.   by  3.   S.    Snrrison,    R.    U.   Cook,    1904. 

The  ^ough   .dders,   review  of  reviews   Co.,   1910. 

The  Strenuous     .ife,    Review  of  reviews   Co., 19x0. 

The  winning  of  the   .Vest,    Review  of  reviews  Co.,   1910. 


-161- 


Authorities  on  Roosevelt. 


Abbott, Lawrence : 

Impression  of  Theodore  hooseTelt,  Doubled *y  Page  4  Co., 1919. 

Andrew,  Byron: 

The  Tacts  About  the  Candidate,  S.  Stone,  1904. 

Bishop,  J.  B.  : 

Theodore  ..ooserelt  and  his  TTime  Shown  in  his  Own  Letters. 
C.  Scri oners'  Sons,  1920. 

Douglas,    0.  W.: 

The  Vany-sided      oosevelt,    Doda,    Head  &  Co.,    1907. 

Hagedorn,    H.: 

The  Boy*  s  Life  of  Theodore  HooseTelt,    Harpar  and  Bros., 1918. 

"I   Took  the  Isthmus?     Sx-President  Kooserelt's  Confession, 

Columbia's  Protest,    and  Editorials  by  American  newspapers 
on  how  the  United  States  Acquired   the  Bight  to  Build  the 
Panama  Canal.     K.   B.   Brown  Co.,   1911. 

Leupp,  F.  S.: 

The  Kan  ^oosevelt,  D.  Appleton  Co., 1909. 

Lewis,  W.  D.: 

The  Life  of  Theodore  .vooserelt,  John  C.  Wens ton  Co.,  1919. 

*org*m.    J.: 

Theodore  Roosevelt,    The  Boy  and  The  Man,  MaoMillan   Co.J.919. 

Union  League   Club: 

Theodore  hooseTelt   oenior,   a  Tribute,   1902. 

Pearson,  is.  L. : 

Theodore  noosevelt,  Mac'.' ill  an  Co.,  1902. 

Mils.  J.  A.: 

Theodore  noosevelt,  the  Citizen,  The  Outlook  Co.,  1904. 

Street,  J.  l.: 

The  1  ost  Interesting  American,    The  Century  Co.,    1915. 

Thayer,  W.  R*l 

Theodore  .oosevelt,  lougnton  Mlfxlin  Co.,  1919. 

ash  burn,  C.  0.: 

3f}S9JQ£e co00f§ISlt:   Ihe  Lo*ic  of  ni*  Car  •p»    -toughton 


Uiacellaneoue. 


Home,   H.   H.: 

The  Pevchological   Principles  of  Education,   1  ic    ilian  Co., 
1909. 

Lange.  A.  ?. : 

Lowell *e  Conception  of  Citizenship,  University  Chronicle, 
7:  1904-5. 


^ 


